Opuntia littoralis |
Opuntia ficus-indica |
|
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coastal prickly pear, prickly pear |
barbary fig, Indian-fig pricklypear, mission prickly-pear, nopal de castilla, tuna, tuna cactus |
|
Habit | Shrubs, spreading to sprawling, forming large clumps, to 1 × 1–9 m. | Trees, 3–6 m; trunk to 30–45 cm diam. |
Stem | segments not disarticulating, green, flattened, elliptic to obovate to rhombic, 15–25(–40) × 6.5–14 cm, ± tuberculate, glabrous, usually glaucous; areoles 5–7(–8) per diagonal row across midstem segment, prominent, subcircular(-oval), 4–6 × 4–5 mm, enlarging in age; wool gray. |
segments green, broadly oblong to ovate to narrowly elliptic, (20–)4–60 × 2–3+ cm, low tuberculate; areoles 7–11 per diagonal row across midstem segment, rhombic to subcircular, 2–4(–5) mm diam.; wool brown. |
Spines | 4–11 per areole, in most areoles, yellow with chalky white coat, to yellow with red-brown basal portions, aging reddish gray; erect ones terete, stout, straight; abaxial ones reflexed, shorter, to 12 mm; adaxial spines spreading, longest spines 20–40 mm. |
1–6 per areole, absent or very highly reduced, or in marginal to nearly all areoles, erect to spreading, whitish, tan, or brown, setaceous only or setaceous and subulate, straight to slightly curved, basally angular-flattened, 1–10(–40) mm; 0–2 small bristlelike deflexed spines to 5 mm. |
Glochids | moderately dense in crescent at adaxial edge of areole, merging with subapical tuft when present, yellow to red-brown, to 5 mm. |
along adaxial margin of areole and small, inconspicuous tuft, yellowish, aging brown, less than 2 mm. |
Flowers | inner tepals yellow to dull red throughout, 35–45 mm; filaments yellow to orange-yellow; anthers yellow; style pink to red; stigma lobes yellow-green to green. |
inner tepals yellow to orange throughout, 25–50 mm; filaments and anthers yellow; style bright red; stigma lobes yellow. |
Fruits | dark red-purple throughout, obovoid, 35–50 × 30–35 mm, juicy, glabrous, spineless; areoles 22–36. |
yellow to orange to purple, 50–100 × 40–90 mm, fleshy to ± juicy, glabrous, usually spineless; areoles 45–60, evenly distributed on fruit. |
Seeds | gray, subcircular, warped, 3–4.5 mm diam.; girdle protruding 0.5 mm. |
pale tan, subcircular, 4–5 mm diam., warped; girdle protruding to 1 mm. |
2n | = 66. |
= 88. |
Opuntia littoralis |
Opuntia ficus-indica |
|
Phenology | Flowering spring (Apr–May). | Flowering spring (Apr). |
Habitat | Coastal sage scrub, chaparral | Coastal chaparral, sage scrub, arid uplands, washes, canyons, disturbed sites |
Elevation | 10-400 m (0-1300 ft) | 0-300 m (0-1000 ft) |
Distribution |
Calif (including Channel Islands); Mexico (Baja California)
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AZ; CA; Mexico [Introduced in North America]
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Discussion | R. P. Wunderlin (1998) listed this taxon in Florida, but I have not seen specimens. Opuntia ficus-indica, cultivated nearly worldwide, is presumed to be a native of Mexico, but is definitely known only from cultivation or escapes from cultivation. The species has been used for cattle feed, ornament, and fuel. As human food, the young stem segments, “nopalitos,” are eaten as salad or pickled as a vegetable, and the large delicious fruits, “tunas,” are enjoyed in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. This species probably originated through selection by native peoples of Mexico for spineless forms of Opuntia streptacantha (also 2n = 88) to ease the culturing and collection of cochineal scale insects for their red dye. Numerous cultivar names are known. Naturalized Opuntia ficus-indica (octoploid, spiny morphotype) is known to hybridize in central California with O. phaeacantha (hexaploid), forming a heptaploid with usually intermediate morphology. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Source | FNA vol. 4. | FNA vol. 4, p. 142. |
Parent taxa | Cactaceae > subfam. Opuntioideae > Opuntia | Cactaceae > subfam. Opuntioideae > Opuntia |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | O. engelmannii var. littoralis, O. lindheimeri var. littoralis, O. occidentalis var. littoralis, O. semispinosa | Cactus ficus-indica, Cactus opuntia, O. compressa, O. vulgaris |
Name authority | (Engelmann) Cockerell: Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 4: 15. (1905) | (Linnaeus) Miller: Gard. Dict. ed. 8, Opuntia no. 2. (1768) |
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