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devil's-tongue, eastern prickly-pear

pricklypear

Habit Shrubs, forming clumps or often prostrate, usually only 1 or 2 stem segments tall, to 0.5 m (except in Florida where they may be erect and reach to 2+ m with short trunk), flattened to obovoid, sometimes from tuberlike rootstocks. Shrubs or small trees, erect, to 1.5 m. Stem segments not easily detached, green, often purple near areoles, flattened, obovate to ovate, 10–25 × 7.5–11 cm, ± tuberculate, glabrous, glaucous; areoles 4–5 per diagonal row across midstem segment, subcircular to oblong, 5–6 mm diam.; wool tan, aging blackish.
Stem

segments not disarticulating, dark or bright shiny green, wrinkling when stressed, circular to broadly oblong to obovate, 5–17.5 × 4–12 cm, fleshy, usually tuberculate, glabrous;

areoles 4–6 per diagonal row across midstem segment, oval to circular, 2–4 mm diam., not raised, sometimes somewhat sunken;

wool tan to brown.

Spines

often absent or 1–2(–3) per areole, spreading, whitish to brownish, terete, straight, and usually stout, 25–60 mm; occasionally also 1 deflexed spine present.

1–5(–8) per areole, at most areoles, spreading, white with red base, becoming dark red-brown with pale tips, aging gray, stout, usually curved, elliptic in cross section, longest to 70 mm.

Glochids

in dense crescent of adaxial edge of areole and in dense tuft overtopping crescent in age, yellow to red-brown, to 4 mm.

closely spaced in crescent at adaxial edge of areole, along margins of areoles, and in subapical tuft, yellow, to 4 mm.

Flowers

inner tepals pale to bright yellow throughout, 20–30 mm diam.;

filaments yellow to orange;

anthers pale yellow to cream;

style and stigma lobes white.

inner tepals deep yellow with red basal portions, to 35 mm;

filaments yellow;

anthers pale yellow;

style cream;

stigma lobes yellow-green.

Fruits

greenish, tardily becoming apricot to brownish red, elongate, 30–50 × 12–20 mm, fleshy, tapering at base;

pulp green and sour, becoming reddish and sweet under ideal conditions;

areoles 10–18.

often sterile, sometimes proliferating, yellow to red, ovoid to obconic, 28–32 × 13–22 mm, usually fleshy, becoming dry, tuberculate, glabrous;

areoles 20–30, distal areoles bearing 1–4 red-brown and white spines, to 25 mm.

Seeds

tan, 3.5–4.5 mm diam., thickish;

girdle protruding to 1 mm.

few, tan, subcircular to irregularly shaped, 4–5 mm diam.;

girdle protruding to 1 mm.

2n

= 44.

Opuntia humifusa

Opuntia ×spinosibacca

Phenology Flowering spring (Apr–May).
Habitat Limestone hills, slopes
Elevation 900 m (3000 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AL; AR; CT; DE; FL; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; MI; MN; MO; MS; NC; NE; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; VA; WI; WV; ON
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from FNA
TX
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Discussion

Varieties 2 (2 in the flora).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Opuntia ×spinosibacca apparently originated from hybridization between the dry-fruited, diploid O. aureispina and the fleshy-fruited, hexaploid O. phaeacantha (or O. camanchica Engelmann & J. M. Bigelow). The nothospecies is restricted to the vicinity of Big Bend National Park, Texas. A very similar hybrid, O. ×rooneyi M. P. Griffith (O. aureispina × O. macrocentra, both diploids) is known fom the same region. The hybrids differ in spine number and distribution. Opuntia ×rooneyi has 2–3 central spines to 40–50 mm and 1–4 radial spines to 20 mm, the spines concentrated in the distal 2/3 of the stem segments. Opuntia ×spinosibacca has 2–5 central spines to 70 mm and 0 radial spines, the spines in nearly all areoles of the stem segments.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Shrubs forming clumps, often prostrate, usually only 1 or 2 stem segments tall, to 0.5 m
var. humifusa
1. Shrubs or small trees, erect, to 2 m
var. ammophilia
Source FNA vol. 4, p. 130. FNA vol. 4, p. 140.
Parent taxa Cactaceae > subfam. Opuntioideae > Opuntia Cactaceae > subfam. Opuntioideae > Opuntia
Sibling taxa
O. aciculata, O. atrispina, O. aurea, O. aureispina, O. basilaris, O. chisosensis, O. chlorotica, O. cubensis, O. ellisiana, O. engelmannii, O. ficus-indica, O. fragilis, O. littoralis, O. macrocentra, O. macrorhiza, O. microdasys, O. oricola, O. phaeacantha, O. pinkavae, O. polyacantha, O. pottsii, O. pusilla, O. rufida, O. santa-rita, O. stricta, O. strigil, O. tortispina, O. triacantha, O. ×columbiana, O. ×curvispina, O. ×occidentalis, O. ×spinosibacca, O. ×vaseyi
O. aciculata, O. atrispina, O. aurea, O. aureispina, O. basilaris, O. chisosensis, O. chlorotica, O. cubensis, O. ellisiana, O. engelmannii, O. ficus-indica, O. fragilis, O. humifusa, O. littoralis, O. macrocentra, O. macrorhiza, O. microdasys, O. oricola, O. phaeacantha, O. pinkavae, O. polyacantha, O. pottsii, O. pusilla, O. rufida, O. santa-rita, O. stricta, O. strigil, O. tortispina, O. triacantha, O. ×columbiana, O. ×curvispina, O. ×occidentalis, O. ×vaseyi
Subordinate taxa
O. humifusa var. ammophilia, O. humifusa var. humifusa
Synonyms Cactus humifusus O. phaeacantha var. spinosibacca
Name authority (Rafinesque) Rafinesque: Med. Fl. 2: 247. (1830) M. S. Anthony: Amer. Midl. Naturalist 55: 246, fig. 22. (1956)
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