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devil's-tongue, eastern prickly-pear

Columbia prickly-pear, grizzleybear pricklypear, grizzlybear prickly pear

Habit Shrubs, forming clumps or often prostrate, usually only 1 or 2 stem segments tall, to 0.5 m (except in Florida where they may be erect and reach to 2+ m with short trunk), flattened to obovoid, sometimes from tuberlike rootstocks. Shrubs, low, forming mats, 10–30 cm.
Stem

segments not disarticulating, dark or bright shiny green, wrinkling when stressed, circular to broadly oblong to obovate, 5–17.5 × 4–12 cm, fleshy, usually tuberculate, glabrous;

areoles 4–6 per diagonal row across midstem segment, oval to circular, 2–4 mm diam., not raised, sometimes somewhat sunken;

wool tan to brown.

segments easily detached to firmly attached, green, flattened, narrowly to broadly obovate, 3.5–9 × 2.5–5 cm, low tuberculate, glabrous;

areoles 4–6(–7) per diagonal row across midstem segment, oval, 3.5 × 2.5 mm;

wool white.

Spines

often absent or 1–2(–3) per areole, spreading, whitish to brownish, terete, straight, and usually stout, 25–60 mm; occasionally also 1 deflexed spine present.

in most areoles, straight, acicular, terete;

major spines 0–1 per areole, reflexed to porrect (rarely ascending), gray-white to brown, (15–)25–40(–60) mm; intermediate spines 0–3, reflexed, 12–20 mm;

minor spines 2–4, reflexed, yellow-gray, 3–6 mm.

Glochids

in dense crescent of adaxial edge of areole and in dense tuft overtopping crescent in age, yellow to red-brown, to 4 mm.

loosely packed, in small tuft or crescent at adaxial margin of areole, yellowish, inconspicuous, to 4 mm.

Flowers

inner tepals pale to bright yellow throughout, 20–30 mm diam.;

filaments yellow to orange;

anthers pale yellow to cream;

style and stigma lobes white.

inner tepals yellow throughout, 30–45 mm;

filaments white to red;

anthers yellow;

style white;

stigma lobes green.

Fruits

greenish, tardily becoming apricot to brownish red, elongate, 30–50 × 12–20 mm, fleshy, tapering at base;

pulp green and sour, becoming reddish and sweet under ideal conditions;

areoles 10–18.

rarely set, top-shaped to barrel-shaped, 15–20 × 15 mm, glabrous;

areoles 10–15, most bearing 3–12 spines or distal spines bearing 1–3 spines.

Seeds

tan, 3.5–4.5 mm diam., thickish;

girdle protruding to 1 mm.

tan, large, 5–7 mm;

girdle protruding 1–1.5 mm.

2n

= 66.

Opuntia humifusa

Opuntia ×columbiana

Phenology Flowering summer (late Jun-early Jul).
Habitat Dark basaltic cliffs and derived sands
Elevation 100-800 m (300-2600 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AL; AR; CT; DE; FL; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; MI; MN; MO; MS; NC; NE; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; VA; WI; WV; ON
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from FNA
ID; OR; WA; BC
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Discussion

Varieties 2 (2 in the flora).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Shrubs forming clumps, often prostrate, usually only 1 or 2 stem segments tall, to 0.5 m
var. humifusa
1. Shrubs or small trees, erect, to 2 m
var. ammophilia
Source FNA vol. 4, p. 130. FNA vol. 4, p. 146.
Parent taxa Cactaceae > subfam. Opuntioideae > Opuntia Cactaceae > subfam. Opuntioideae > Opuntia
Sibling taxa
O. aciculata, O. atrispina, O. aurea, O. aureispina, O. basilaris, O. chisosensis, O. chlorotica, O. cubensis, O. ellisiana, O. engelmannii, O. ficus-indica, O. fragilis, O. littoralis, O. macrocentra, O. macrorhiza, O. microdasys, O. oricola, O. phaeacantha, O. pinkavae, O. polyacantha, O. pottsii, O. pusilla, O. rufida, O. santa-rita, O. stricta, O. strigil, O. tortispina, O. triacantha, O. ×columbiana, O. ×curvispina, O. ×occidentalis, O. ×spinosibacca, O. ×vaseyi
O. aciculata, O. atrispina, O. aurea, O. aureispina, O. basilaris, O. chisosensis, O. chlorotica, O. cubensis, O. ellisiana, O. engelmannii, O. ficus-indica, O. fragilis, O. humifusa, O. littoralis, O. macrocentra, O. macrorhiza, O. microdasys, O. oricola, O. phaeacantha, O. pinkavae, O. polyacantha, O. pottsii, O. pusilla, O. rufida, O. santa-rita, O. stricta, O. strigil, O. tortispina, O. triacantha, O. ×curvispina, O. ×occidentalis, O. ×spinosibacca, O. ×vaseyi
Subordinate taxa
O. humifusa var. ammophilia, O. humifusa var. humifusa
Synonyms Cactus humifusus O. erinacea var. columbiana
Name authority (Rafinesque) Rafinesque: Med. Fl. 2: 247. (1830) Griffiths: Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 43: 523. (1916)
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