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devil's-tongue, eastern prickly-pear

hair-spine prickly pear, panhandle prickly pear, plains prickly pear, starvation prickly-pear

Habit Shrubs, forming clumps or often prostrate, usually only 1 or 2 stem segments tall, to 0.5 m (except in Florida where they may be erect and reach to 2+ m with short trunk), flattened to obovoid, sometimes from tuberlike rootstocks. Shrubs, low, 10–25 cm, with ± prostrate branches.
Stem

segments not disarticulating, dark or bright shiny green, wrinkling when stressed, circular to broadly oblong to obovate, 5–17.5 × 4–12 cm, fleshy, usually tuberculate, glabrous;

areoles 4–6 per diagonal row across midstem segment, oval to circular, 2–4 mm diam., not raised, sometimes somewhat sunken;

wool tan to brown.

segments not easily detached, green, elliptic to narrowly to broadly obovate to circular, 4–27 × 2–18 cm, low tuberculate;

areoles 4–14 per diagonal row across midstem segment, subcircular, 3–6 mm;

wool tan to brown.

Spines

often absent or 1–2(–3) per areole, spreading, whitish to brownish, terete, straight, and usually stout, 25–60 mm; occasionally also 1 deflexed spine present.

at all or only distal areoles of stem segment, terete to flattened, stout to acicular to bristlelike, straight to curling, of 1 or 2 kinds;

if 1 kind: 0–18 per areole, spreading and curling in various directions, sometimes straight, erect, ascending to deflexed, yellow to dark brown to black, turning gray, pink-gray to gray-brown, longest (35–)40–90(–185) mm;

if ± 2 kinds: major spines (0–)1–5, reflexed to porrect, yellow-brown to brown to gray, longest 20–150 mm;

minor spines (0–)5–11, deflexed, white to white-gray, longest 4–16 mm.

Glochids

in dense crescent of adaxial edge of areole and in dense tuft overtopping crescent in age, yellow to red-brown, to 4 mm.

inconspicuous, in narrow, tidy crescent at adaxial edge of areole or in broad, brushy crescent and tuft, yellow to reddish, aging brown, to 10 mm.

Flowers

inner tepals pale to bright yellow throughout, 20–30 mm diam.;

filaments yellow to orange;

anthers pale yellow to cream;

style and stigma lobes white.

inner tepals yellow to magenta throughout, 25–40 mm;

filaments white, yellow, or red to magenta (flowers may superficially appear bicolored);

anthers yellow;

style white to pale pink;

stigma lobes green.

Fruits

greenish, tardily becoming apricot to brownish red, elongate, 30–50 × 12–20 mm, fleshy, tapering at base;

pulp green and sour, becoming reddish and sweet under ideal conditions;

areoles 10–18.

tan to brown, ± cylindric, 15–45 × 12–25 mm, dry at maturity, glabrous, sometimes burlike;

areoles 10–33, each or only distal areoles bearing 3–16 spines, 4–20 mm.

Seeds

tan, 3.5–4.5 mm diam., thickish;

girdle protruding to 1 mm.

tan to gray, flattened, warped, oblong to subcircular, 3–7 × 2–4 mm;

girdle protruding 1–2 mm.

Opuntia humifusa

Opuntia polyacantha

Distribution
from FNA
AL; AR; CT; DE; FL; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; MI; MN; MO; MS; NC; NE; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; VA; WI; WV; ON
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AZ; CA; CO; ID; KS; MT; ND; NE; NM; NV; OK; SD; TX; UT; WY; AB; SK; n Mexico
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Varieties 2 (2 in the flora).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Varieties 5 (5 in the flora).

Populations of Opuntia polyacantha with spines few or absent (especially var. hystricina) were the basis for several names including O. juniperina, O. utahensis, and O. rhodantha.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Shrubs forming clumps, often prostrate, usually only 1 or 2 stem segments tall, to 0.5 m
var. humifusa
1. Shrubs or small trees, erect, to 2 m
var. ammophilia
1. Areoles 4-6 per diagonal row across midstem segment; stem segments 4-7 × 2-3(-5) cm, elliptic to very narrowly obovate; Texas, New Mexico, Mexico
var. arenaria
1. Areoles 6-14 per diagonal row across midstem segment; stem segments 6-27 × 5-18 cm, obovate to circular or, if elliptic, longer than 9 cm; widespread in w United States and Canada
→ 2
2. Spines of 2 kinds: major spines 1-3 per areole, usually deflexed on terminal stem segment, but sometimes ascending at stem segment apex; minor spines 1-3 per areole, deflexed, white, subtending major spines
→ 3
2. Spines of 1 kind, grading in length, from ascending to deflexed, 7-18 per areole, longest spines of terminal stem segment porrect to ascending, shorter spines deflexed to porrect
→ 4
3. Longest spines 2-4 cm; areoles 6-13 mm apart; stem segments 6-12 cm; Great Plains, n and e Great Basin Desert
var. polyacantha
3. Longest spines 4.5-12 cm; areoles 12-30 mm apart; stem segments 10-27 cm; Arizona and Utah border
var. nicholii
4. Spines usually dark brown, those of proximal stem segments like those of terminal stem segments, porrect to ascending, straight and stiff; fruit areoles 11-21, spiny but not burlike
var. hystricina
4. Spines usually pale, those of proximal stem segments not like those of terminals stem segments, more numerous, longer and more reflexed, straight or flexuous and/or hairlike or threadlike; fruit areoles 20-33, spiny, forming dense bur
var. erinacea
Source FNA vol. 4, p. 130. FNA vol. 4.
Parent taxa Cactaceae > subfam. Opuntioideae > Opuntia Cactaceae > subfam. Opuntioideae > Opuntia
Sibling taxa
O. aciculata, O. atrispina, O. aurea, O. aureispina, O. basilaris, O. chisosensis, O. chlorotica, O. cubensis, O. ellisiana, O. engelmannii, O. ficus-indica, O. fragilis, O. littoralis, O. macrocentra, O. macrorhiza, O. microdasys, O. oricola, O. phaeacantha, O. pinkavae, O. polyacantha, O. pottsii, O. pusilla, O. rufida, O. santa-rita, O. stricta, O. strigil, O. tortispina, O. triacantha, O. ×columbiana, O. ×curvispina, O. ×occidentalis, O. ×spinosibacca, O. ×vaseyi
O. aciculata, O. atrispina, O. aurea, O. aureispina, O. basilaris, O. chisosensis, O. chlorotica, O. cubensis, O. ellisiana, O. engelmannii, O. ficus-indica, O. fragilis, O. humifusa, O. littoralis, O. macrocentra, O. macrorhiza, O. microdasys, O. oricola, O. phaeacantha, O. pinkavae, O. pottsii, O. pusilla, O. rufida, O. santa-rita, O. stricta, O. strigil, O. tortispina, O. triacantha, O. ×columbiana, O. ×curvispina, O. ×occidentalis, O. ×spinosibacca, O. ×vaseyi
Subordinate taxa
O. humifusa var. ammophilia, O. humifusa var. humifusa
O. polyacantha var. arenaria, O. polyacantha var. erinacea, O. polyacantha var. hystricina, O. polyacantha var. nicholii, O. polyacantha var. polyacantha
Synonyms Cactus humifusus Cactus ferox, Tunas polyacantha
Name authority (Rafinesque) Rafinesque: Med. Fl. 2: 247. (1830) Haworth: Suppl. Pl. Succ., 82. (1819)
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