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barbary fig, Indian-fig pricklypear, mission prickly-pear, nopal de castilla, tuna, tuna cactus

Habit Trees, 3–6 m; trunk to 30–45 cm diam. Trees, shrubby, 0.5–1.5 m, with trunk to 20 cm.
Stem

segments green, broadly oblong to ovate to narrowly elliptic, (20–)4–60 × 2–3+ cm, low tuberculate;

areoles 7–11 per diagonal row across midstem segment, rhombic to subcircular, 2–4(–5) mm diam.;

wool brown.

segments not disarticulating, gray-green to yellow-green, flattened, circular to broadly obovate, 12–22 × 12.5–20 cm, sometimes wider than long, ± tuberculate, glabrous;

areoles 6–9 per diagonal row across midstem segment, prominent, circular to elliptic, 4–7 × 3–7 mm;

wool tan to brown, aging gray.

Spines

1–6 per areole, absent or very highly reduced, or in marginal to nearly all areoles, erect to spreading, whitish, tan, or brown, setaceous only or setaceous and subulate, straight to slightly curved, basally angular-flattened, 1–10(–40) mm; 0–2 small bristlelike deflexed spines to 5 mm.

in most areoles, reddish yellow to red-brown;

abaxial ones sometimes whitish;

adaxial spines often yellow;

major spines (0–)4–8(–9) per areole, usually deflexed, sometimes spreading, particularly on stem segment margins, subterete to flattened or channeled adaxially, sometimes curved, stiff, the longest 40–60 mm.

Glochids

along adaxial margin of areole and small, inconspicuous tuft, yellowish, aging brown, less than 2 mm.

crowded in extended marginal crescent, nearly encircling areole, and less dense subapical tuft obscured by long dense wool, yellow to yellow-brown, 1–6(–12) mm.

Flowers

inner tepals yellow to orange throughout, 25–50 mm;

filaments and anthers yellow;

style bright red;

stigma lobes yellow.

inner tepals yellow sometimes with faint basal reddish blush, broadly obovate, 22–35 mm, apiculate;

filaments and anthers yellow;

style white;

stigma lobes greenish white.

Fruits

yellow to orange to purple, 50–100 × 40–90 mm, fleshy to ± juicy, glabrous, usually spineless;

areoles 45–60, evenly distributed on fruit.

dull red with greenish flesh, ovate to obovate, 32–50 × 15–30 mm, fleshy, glabrous, spineless;

umbilicus 4–6 mm deep;

areoles 28–46.

Seeds

pale tan, subcircular, 4–5 mm diam., warped;

girdle protruding to 1 mm.

yellowish, reniform to subcircular, 4–5 mm diam., sides flattened, smooth;

girdle protruding 0.5–0.8 mm.

2n

= 88.

= 22.

Opuntia ficus-indica

Opuntia ×curvispina

Phenology Flowering spring (Apr). Flowering spring (Apr–Jun).
Habitat Coastal chaparral, sage scrub, arid uplands, washes, canyons, disturbed sites Desert grasslands, oak and/or juniper woodlands, sandy to gravelly flats or slopes
Elevation 0-300 m (0-1000 ft) 1000-1500 m (3300-4900 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AZ; CA; Mexico [Introduced in North America]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AZ; CA; NV
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

R. P. Wunderlin (1998) listed this taxon in Florida, but I have not seen specimens.

Opuntia ficus-indica, cultivated nearly worldwide, is presumed to be a native of Mexico, but is definitely known only from cultivation or escapes from cultivation. The species has been used for cattle feed, ornament, and fuel. As human food, the young stem segments, “nopalitos,” are eaten as salad or pickled as a vegetable, and the large delicious fruits, “tunas,” are enjoyed in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide.

This species probably originated through selection by native peoples of Mexico for spineless forms of Opuntia streptacantha (also 2n = 88) to ease the culturing and collection of cochineal scale insects for their red dye. Numerous cultivar names are known.

Naturalized Opuntia ficus-indica (octoploid, spiny morphotype) is known to hybridize in central California with O. phaeacantha (hexaploid), forming a heptaploid with usually intermediate morphology.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Opuntia ×curvispina is a nothospecies resulting from hybridization of O. chlorotica and O. phaeacantha. B. D. Parfitt (1980) separated the tetraploid Opuntia martiniana (L. D. Benson) B. D. Parfitt [O. littoralis Engelmann var. martiniana (L. D. Benson) L. D. Benson] from O. ×curvispina on the basis of having style obovoid (widest at or above the middle) versus ovoid (widest near the base) and other differences, often overlapping, such as more yellow spines, fewer areoles per stem segment, and size differences of fruit. Because both are tetraploid putative hybrids, grow in proximity, and share many character states, I am reluctant to separate them until more evidence is obtained.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 4, p. 142. FNA vol. 4, p. 139.
Parent taxa Cactaceae > subfam. Opuntioideae > Opuntia Cactaceae > subfam. Opuntioideae > Opuntia
Sibling taxa
O. aciculata, O. atrispina, O. aurea, O. aureispina, O. basilaris, O. chisosensis, O. chlorotica, O. cubensis, O. ellisiana, O. engelmannii, O. fragilis, O. humifusa, O. littoralis, O. macrocentra, O. macrorhiza, O. microdasys, O. oricola, O. phaeacantha, O. pinkavae, O. polyacantha, O. pottsii, O. pusilla, O. rufida, O. santa-rita, O. stricta, O. strigil, O. tortispina, O. triacantha, O. ×columbiana, O. ×curvispina, O. ×occidentalis, O. ×spinosibacca, O. ×vaseyi
O. aciculata, O. atrispina, O. aurea, O. aureispina, O. basilaris, O. chisosensis, O. chlorotica, O. cubensis, O. ellisiana, O. engelmannii, O. ficus-indica, O. fragilis, O. humifusa, O. littoralis, O. macrocentra, O. macrorhiza, O. microdasys, O. oricola, O. phaeacantha, O. pinkavae, O. polyacantha, O. pottsii, O. pusilla, O. rufida, O. santa-rita, O. stricta, O. strigil, O. tortispina, O. triacantha, O. ×columbiana, O. ×occidentalis, O. ×spinosibacca, O. ×vaseyi
Synonyms Cactus ficus-indica, Cactus opuntia, O. compressa, O. vulgaris
Name authority (Linnaeus) Miller: Gard. Dict. ed. 8, Opuntia no. 2. (1768) Griffiths: Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 43: 88, plate 2. (1916)
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