Opuntia ficus-indica |
Opuntia stricta |
|
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barbary fig, Indian-fig pricklypear, mission prickly-pear, nopal de castilla, tuna, tuna cactus |
erect pricklypear, nopal estricto, pest pricklypear |
|
Habit | Trees, 3–6 m; trunk to 30–45 cm diam. | Shrubs, sprawling or erect, to 2 m. Stem segments not disarticulating, green, flattened, narrowly elliptic or obovate, 10–25(–40) × 7.5–15(–25) cm, tuberculate, making margins appear scalloped between raised areoles, glabrous; areoles 3–5 per diagonal row across midstem segment, oval, 3–6.5 × 3.5 mm; wool dense, tan. |
Stem | segments green, broadly oblong to ovate to narrowly elliptic, (20–)4–60 × 2–3+ cm, low tuberculate; areoles 7–11 per diagonal row across midstem segment, rhombic to subcircular, 2–4(–5) mm diam.; wool brown. |
|
Spines | 1–6 per areole, absent or very highly reduced, or in marginal to nearly all areoles, erect to spreading, whitish, tan, or brown, setaceous only or setaceous and subulate, straight to slightly curved, basally angular-flattened, 1–10(–40) mm; 0–2 small bristlelike deflexed spines to 5 mm. |
0–11 per areole, in nearly all areoles to only in some marginal areoles or absent, spreading in all directions, yellow, aging brown, straight or curving, the longest stout, oval in cross section, 12–40(–60) mm, not markedly barbed. |
Glochids | along adaxial margin of areole and small, inconspicuous tuft, yellowish, aging brown, less than 2 mm. |
inconspicuous, few to many in crescent at adaxial edge of areole, yellow, aging brown, often incurved, subequal to increasing in length toward adaxial edge of areole, to 4 mm. |
Flowers | inner tepals yellow to orange throughout, 25–50 mm; filaments and anthers yellow; style bright red; stigma lobes yellow. |
inner tepals light yellow throughout, 25–30 mm; filaments yellow; anthers yellow; style and stigma lobes yellowish. |
Fruits | yellow to orange to purple, 50–100 × 40–90 mm, fleshy to ± juicy, glabrous, usually spineless; areoles 45–60, evenly distributed on fruit. |
purplish throughout, stipitate, ellipsoid or barrel-shaped, 40–60 × 25–30(–40) mm, juicy, spineless; areoles 6–10. |
Seeds | pale tan, subcircular, 4–5 mm diam., warped; girdle protruding to 1 mm. |
tan, subcircular, 4–5 × 4–4.5 mm, with slightly irregular surface; girdle protruding to 1 mm. |
2n | = 88. |
= 44 (cultivated), 66. |
Opuntia ficus-indica |
Opuntia stricta |
|
Phenology | Flowering spring (Apr). | Flowering spring–summer (Feb–Jul). |
Habitat | Coastal chaparral, sage scrub, arid uplands, washes, canyons, disturbed sites | Coastal sand dunes, hammocks, edges of maritime forests, shell middens |
Elevation | 0-300 m (0-1000 ft) | 0 m (0 ft) |
Distribution |
AZ; CA; Mexico [Introduced in North America]
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AL; FL; GA; SC; TX; Mexico; Central America; West Indies [South Africa (introduced); Australia (introduced)]
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Discussion | R. P. Wunderlin (1998) listed this taxon in Florida, but I have not seen specimens. Opuntia ficus-indica, cultivated nearly worldwide, is presumed to be a native of Mexico, but is definitely known only from cultivation or escapes from cultivation. The species has been used for cattle feed, ornament, and fuel. As human food, the young stem segments, “nopalitos,” are eaten as salad or pickled as a vegetable, and the large delicious fruits, “tunas,” are enjoyed in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. This species probably originated through selection by native peoples of Mexico for spineless forms of Opuntia streptacantha (also 2n = 88) to ease the culturing and collection of cochineal scale insects for their red dye. Numerous cultivar names are known. Naturalized Opuntia ficus-indica (octoploid, spiny morphotype) is known to hybridize in central California with O. phaeacantha (hexaploid), forming a heptaploid with usually intermediate morphology. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Opuntia stricta hybridizes with O. engelmannii (apparently var. lindheimeri) forming O. ×alta Griffiths (as species) along the coast of southeastern Texas and adjacent Louisiana. The hexaploid hybrid is arborescent to 3 m; it has stem segments subcircular to oblong-ovate, with a glochid pattern intermediate of the putative parents, all yellow spines, and light green stigma lobes. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 4, p. 142. | FNA vol. 4, p. 133. |
Parent taxa | Cactaceae > subfam. Opuntioideae > Opuntia | Cactaceae > subfam. Opuntioideae > Opuntia |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Cactus ficus-indica, Cactus opuntia, O. compressa, O. vulgaris | Cactus strictus, O. dillenii, O. inermis, O. stricta var. dillenii |
Name authority | (Linnaeus) Miller: Gard. Dict. ed. 8, Opuntia no. 2. (1768) | (Haworth) Haworth: Syn. Pl. Succ., 191. (1812) |
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