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barbary fig, Indian-fig pricklypear, mission prickly-pear, nopal de castilla, tuna, tuna cactus

grassland pricklypear, plains prickly pear, plains twistspine pricklypear, twistspine pricklypear, western pricklypear

Habit Trees, 3–6 m; trunk to 30–45 cm diam. Shrubs, forming clumps, 7.5–16 cm, sometimes from tuberlike rootstocks.
Stem

segments green, broadly oblong to ovate to narrowly elliptic, (20–)4–60 × 2–3+ cm, low tuberculate;

areoles 7–11 per diagonal row across midstem segment, rhombic to subcircular, 2–4(–5) mm diam.;

wool brown.

segments not easily detached, dark dull green, often cross wrinkled when stressed, flattened, obovate to circular, 5–11 × 3.5–7.5 cm, fleshy (to flabby and cross wrinkled when stressed), tuberculate, glaucous;

areoles 5–6(–8) per diagonal row across midstem segment, oval to subcircular, 2–4 mm diam.;

wool tan.

Spines

1–6 per areole, absent or very highly reduced, or in marginal to nearly all areoles, erect to spreading, whitish, tan, or brown, setaceous only or setaceous and subulate, straight to slightly curved, basally angular-flattened, 1–10(–40) mm; 0–2 small bristlelike deflexed spines to 5 mm.

(0–)1–4 per areole, usually in distal areoles, erect to spreading, white to red-brown, acicular, straight, terete or 1 flattened, ± stout (0.5 mm diam. at base), longest to 60 mm.

Glochids

along adaxial margin of areole and small, inconspicuous tuft, yellowish, aging brown, less than 2 mm.

in dense tuft, pale yellow, tan to red-brown, aging brown, to 5 mm.

Flowers

inner tepals yellow to orange throughout, 25–50 mm;

filaments and anthers yellow;

style bright red;

stigma lobes yellow.

inner tepals yellow with red basal portions, 25–40 mm;

filaments pale yellow;

anthers yellow;

style white;

stigma lobes cream to yellowish.

Fruits

yellow to orange to purple, 50–100 × 40–90 mm, fleshy to ± juicy, glabrous, usually spineless;

areoles 45–60, evenly distributed on fruit.

green to yellowish to dull red, stipitate, elongate-obovoid, 25–40 × 15–28 mm, fleshy, glabrous;

areoles 16–28.

Seeds

pale tan, subcircular, 4–5 mm diam., warped;

girdle protruding to 1 mm.

tan, subcircular, 4–5 mm, thickish, warped;

girdle broad, protruding to 0.5 mm.

2n

= 88.

= 44.

Opuntia ficus-indica

Opuntia macrorhiza

Phenology Flowering spring (Apr). Flowering late spring (May–Jun).
Habitat Coastal chaparral, sage scrub, arid uplands, washes, canyons, disturbed sites Plains, chaparral, grassy woodlands, coniferous forests, sandy to loamy soils
Elevation 0-300 m (0-1000 ft) 100-2300 m (300-7500 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AZ; CA; Mexico [Introduced in North America]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AR; AZ; CO; KS; MO; NM; OK; TX; UT; Mexico (Chihuahua)
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

R. P. Wunderlin (1998) listed this taxon in Florida, but I have not seen specimens.

Opuntia ficus-indica, cultivated nearly worldwide, is presumed to be a native of Mexico, but is definitely known only from cultivation or escapes from cultivation. The species has been used for cattle feed, ornament, and fuel. As human food, the young stem segments, “nopalitos,” are eaten as salad or pickled as a vegetable, and the large delicious fruits, “tunas,” are enjoyed in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide.

This species probably originated through selection by native peoples of Mexico for spineless forms of Opuntia streptacantha (also 2n = 88) to ease the culturing and collection of cochineal scale insects for their red dye. Numerous cultivar names are known.

Naturalized Opuntia ficus-indica (octoploid, spiny morphotype) is known to hybridize in central California with O. phaeacantha (hexaploid), forming a heptaploid with usually intermediate morphology.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Opuntia macrorhiza hybridizes with the hexaploid O. engelmannii (apparently var. lindheimeri) forming the pentaploid O. ×edwardsii V. E. Grant & K. A. Grant. This hybrid is a small subshrub, 20–40 cm, with a mixture of widely spaced, unequal glochids and closely spaced, shorter glochids. Its major spines are gray, and its tepals are yellow or yellow with red bases. Those characteristics are similar to one parent or the intermediate of the two putative parents reported from Blanco and Guadalupe counties, central Texas.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 4, p. 142. FNA vol. 4.
Parent taxa Cactaceae > subfam. Opuntioideae > Opuntia Cactaceae > subfam. Opuntioideae > Opuntia
Sibling taxa
O. aciculata, O. atrispina, O. aurea, O. aureispina, O. basilaris, O. chisosensis, O. chlorotica, O. cubensis, O. ellisiana, O. engelmannii, O. fragilis, O. humifusa, O. littoralis, O. macrocentra, O. macrorhiza, O. microdasys, O. oricola, O. phaeacantha, O. pinkavae, O. polyacantha, O. pottsii, O. pusilla, O. rufida, O. santa-rita, O. stricta, O. strigil, O. tortispina, O. triacantha, O. ×columbiana, O. ×curvispina, O. ×occidentalis, O. ×spinosibacca, O. ×vaseyi
O. aciculata, O. atrispina, O. aurea, O. aureispina, O. basilaris, O. chisosensis, O. chlorotica, O. cubensis, O. ellisiana, O. engelmannii, O. ficus-indica, O. fragilis, O. humifusa, O. littoralis, O. macrocentra, O. microdasys, O. oricola, O. phaeacantha, O. pinkavae, O. polyacantha, O. pottsii, O. pusilla, O. rufida, O. santa-rita, O. stricta, O. strigil, O. tortispina, O. triacantha, O. ×columbiana, O. ×curvispina, O. ×occidentalis, O. ×spinosibacca, O. ×vaseyi
Synonyms Cactus ficus-indica, Cactus opuntia, O. compressa, O. vulgaris O. compressa var. macrorhiza, O. mesacantha var. acrorhiza
Name authority (Linnaeus) Miller: Gard. Dict. ed. 8, Opuntia no. 2. (1768) Engelmann: Boston J. Nat. Hist. 6: 206. (1850)
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