Opuntia ficus-indica |
Opuntia fragilis |
|
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barbary fig, Indian-fig pricklypear, mission prickly-pear, nopal de castilla, tuna, tuna cactus |
brittle prickly-pear, brittle prickly-pear cactus, little prickly-pear |
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Habit | Trees, 3–6 m; trunk to 30–45 cm diam. | Shrubs, low, forming mats, 2–10 cm. |
Stem | segments green, broadly oblong to ovate to narrowly elliptic, (20–)4–60 × 2–3+ cm, low tuberculate; areoles 7–11 per diagonal row across midstem segment, rhombic to subcircular, 2–4(–5) mm diam.; wool brown. |
segments easily detached when terminal, dark green, subspheric to subcylindric, to flattened and elliptic obovate, (1.5–)2–5.5 × (1–)1.5–3 cm, low tuberculate (pronounced when dried), glabrous; areoles 3–5 per diagonal row across midstem segment, oval, 3 × 2.5 mm; wool white. |
Spines | 1–6 per areole, absent or very highly reduced, or in marginal to nearly all areoles, erect to spreading, whitish, tan, or brown, setaceous only or setaceous and subulate, straight to slightly curved, basally angular-flattened, 1–10(–40) mm; 0–2 small bristlelike deflexed spines to 5 mm. |
3–8 per areole, in most areoles spreading, gray with brown tips, straight, ± acicular, terete, the longest 8–24 mm; depressed spines at base of areoles 0–3, 1–3 mm. |
Glochids | along adaxial margin of areole and small, inconspicuous tuft, yellowish, aging brown, less than 2 mm. |
in crescent at adaxial margin of areole, tan to brown, inconspicuous, to 3 mm. |
Flowers | inner tepals yellow to orange throughout, 25–50 mm; filaments and anthers yellow; style bright red; stigma lobes yellow. |
inner tepals yellow, sometimes basally red, 20–26 mm; filaments white or red; anthers yellow; style white; stigma lobes green. |
Fruits | yellow to orange to purple, 50–100 × 40–90 mm, fleshy to ± juicy, glabrous, usually spineless; areoles 45–60, evenly distributed on fruit. |
tan, 10–30 × 8–15 mm, dry, glabrous; areoles 12–22, distal areoles bearing 1–6 short spines. |
Seeds | pale tan, subcircular, 4–5 mm diam., warped; girdle protruding to 1 mm. |
tan to gray, flattened, warped, oblong to subcircular, 5–6 mm diam.; girdle protruding 1–1.5 mm. |
2n | = 88. |
= 66. |
Opuntia ficus-indica |
Opuntia fragilis |
|
Phenology | Flowering spring (Apr). | Flowering summer (late Jun-early Jul). |
Habitat | Coastal chaparral, sage scrub, arid uplands, washes, canyons, disturbed sites | Barren areas in grasslands, woodlands, sandy or gravelly soils, on outcrops of granite, limestone, or quartzite |
Elevation | 0-300 m (0-1000 ft) | 0-2400 m (0-7900 ft) |
Distribution |
AZ; CA; Mexico [Introduced in North America]
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AZ; CA; CO; IA; ID; IL; KS; MN; MT; ND; NE; NM; OK; OR; SD; TX; UT; WA; WI; WY; AB; BC; MB; ON; SK; Mich
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Discussion | R. P. Wunderlin (1998) listed this taxon in Florida, but I have not seen specimens. Opuntia ficus-indica, cultivated nearly worldwide, is presumed to be a native of Mexico, but is definitely known only from cultivation or escapes from cultivation. The species has been used for cattle feed, ornament, and fuel. As human food, the young stem segments, “nopalitos,” are eaten as salad or pickled as a vegetable, and the large delicious fruits, “tunas,” are enjoyed in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. This species probably originated through selection by native peoples of Mexico for spineless forms of Opuntia streptacantha (also 2n = 88) to ease the culturing and collection of cochineal scale insects for their red dye. Numerous cultivar names are known. Naturalized Opuntia ficus-indica (octoploid, spiny morphotype) is known to hybridize in central California with O. phaeacantha (hexaploid), forming a heptaploid with usually intermediate morphology. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Opuntia fragilis is a widespread, though inconspicuous, species; in many places, it flowers infrequently, if at all. Its easily detached stem segments are dispersed by animals and possibly water. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 4, p. 142. | FNA vol. 4, p. 146. |
Parent taxa | Cactaceae > subfam. Opuntioideae > Opuntia | Cactaceae > subfam. Opuntioideae > Opuntia |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Cactus ficus-indica, Cactus opuntia, O. compressa, O. vulgaris | Cactus fragilis, O. brachyarthra, O. fragilis var. brach |
Name authority | (Linnaeus) Miller: Gard. Dict. ed. 8, Opuntia no. 2. (1768) | (Nuttall) Haworth: Suppl. Pl. Succ., 82. (1819) |
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