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California Adder's-tongue

Adder's tongue fern, herbe-sans-couture, northern Adder's-tongue, northern Adder's-tongue fern, southern Adder's-tongue

Roots

to 16 per plant, pale brown, 0.5-1 mm diam., producing proliferations.

yellow to tan, to 15 per plant, 0.3-1 mm diam., producing proliferations.

Stem

upright, to 1.6 cm, 5mm diam., commonly 2 leaves per stem.

upright, to 2 cm, 3mm diam., 1 leaf per stem.

Trophophore

stalk 0-1.8cm, to 2.5 times length of trophophore blade.;

trophophore blade erect to spreading, commonly ± folded when alive, green, dull, without pale central band when dried, to 4.3 × 1 cm (rarely 0.4 × 0.3 mm), herbaceous, thick, gradually tapering to base, apex attenuate;

venation complex-reticulate, with numerous parallel narrow areoles, each with 1-several included veinlets.

stalk expanding gradually into blade.;

trophophore blade erect or spreading, usually plane when alive, pale green, dull, mostly oblanceolate to obovate to ovate, widest point in middle, to 10 × 3.5 cm, soft, herbaceous, base tapering gradually, apex rounded;

venation complex-reticulate, with included free veinlets in areoles.

Sporophores

arising near ground level, 1-2.5 times length of trophophore;

sporangial clusters 8-15 × 1-3 mm, with 8-15 pairs of sporangia, apiculum 0.3-1 mm.

arising at ground level, 2.5-4.5 times length of trophophore;

sporangial clusters 20-45 × 1-4 mm, with 10-40 pairs of sporangia, apiculum 1-2 mm.

2n

=960.

Ophioglossum californicum

Ophioglossum pusillum

Phenology Leaves appearing in late winter and early spring; apparently absent during dry years. Leaves appearing midspring.
Habitat Open grassy fields and prairies Frequent and widespread, open fens, marsh edges, pastures, and grassy shores and roadside ditches, north of the southern boundary of Wisconsin glaciation
Elevation 50-300 m (200-1000 ft) 100-2000 m (300-6600 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
CA; Mexico
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from FNA
AK; CA; CT; IA; ID; IL; IN; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MT; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OR; PA; RI; SD; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; BC; NB; NS; ON; QC
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Discussion

Ophioglossum californicum differs from the Old World species O. lusitanicum in that O. lusitanicum has a narrowly linear to linear-oblanceolate trophophore that is 1/4 to 1/2 as wide as long; O. lusitanicum also has a much simpler venation and usually lacks an apiculum.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Ophioglossum pusillum is inconspicuous and may be much more common than collections indicate. It differs from O. vulgatum in having an ephemeral, membranous basal sheath.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 2. FNA vol. 2.
Parent taxa Ophioglossaceae > Ophioglossum Ophioglossaceae > Ophioglossum
Sibling taxa
O. crotalophoroides, O. engelmannii, O. nudicaule, O. petiolatum, O. pusillum, O. vulgatum
O. californicum, O. crotalophoroides, O. engelmannii, O. nudicaule, O. petiolatum, O. vulgatum
Synonyms O. lusitanicum subsp. californicum O. vulgatum var. pseudopodum
Name authority Prantl: Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 1: 355. (1883) Rafinesque: Précis Découv. Somiol. 46. (1814)
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