Oenothera suffrutescens |
Oenothera spachiana |
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linda tarde, scarlet beeblossom, scarlet evening-primrose, scarlet gaura, wild honeysuckle |
spach's evening primrose |
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Habit | Herbs perennial, densely strigillose, sometimes also long-villous proximally, sometimes glabrate; from a deep, thick taproot, often with branching underground stems, or branching only at surface, these often becoming horizontal or nearly so and giving rise to new plants. | Herbs annual, densely strigillose; from a sparsely branched taproot. |
Stems | erect or ascending, usually many-branched, 10–120 cm. |
erect, usually unbranched or with few ascending branches, 10–30(–45) cm. |
Leaves | in a basal rosette (but not present at flowering) and cauline, 0.7–6.5 × 0.1–1.5 cm, blade linear to narrowly elliptic, margins entire or remotely and coarsely serrate. |
in a basal rosette and cauline, basal 2–5 × 0.5–1.5 cm, petiole 0.5–2 cm, blade oblanceolate to elliptic, margins subentire; cauline 3–6 × 0.2–0.6 cm, petiole 0.2–0.6(–1.5) cm, blade narrowly lanceolate to linear, margins subentire. |
Inflorescences | erect, flowers in leaf axils in distal 1/2 of plant. |
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Flowers | 4-merous, zygomorphic, opening near sunset; floral tube 4–11(–13) mm; sepals 5–9(–10) mm; petals white, fading salmon pink to scarlet-red, slightly unequal, obovate to elliptic-obovate or elliptic, 3–7(–8) mm, abruptly clawed; filaments 3–6.5(–7) mm, anthers (2.5–)3–5(–5.5) mm; style 10–22 mm, stigma exserted beyond anthers at anthesis. |
opening near sunrise; buds with free tips to 1 mm, erect to spreading; floral tube 4–10 mm; sepals 4–8 mm; petals pale yellow, fading pale pink, 5–14 mm; filaments 3–7 mm, anthers 2–4 mm, pollen 85–100% fertile; style 3–7 mm, stigma surrounded by anthers. |
Capsules | erect, pyramidal in distal 1/2 and abruptly constricted to terete proximal part, pyramidal part weakly or strongly angled, not conspicuously bulging at base, 4–9 × (1–)1.5–3 mm; sessile. |
broadly clavate, 4-angled, 5–15 × 3–5 mm, stipe 2–5 mm; sessile. |
Seeds | (1–)3 or 4, light to reddish brown, 1.5–3 × 1–1.5 mm. |
1 × 0.5 mm. |
2n | = 14, 28, 42, 56. |
= 14. |
Oenothera suffrutescens |
Oenothera spachiana |
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Phenology | Flowering Apr–Aug(–Nov). | Flowering Mar–May. |
Habitat | Sandy or clay soil, often calcareous, desert shrublands to pinyon-juniper or oak woodlands, grasslands, disturbed areas. | Prairies, open roadsides, sandy places. |
Elevation | 150–2000(–3000) m. (500–6600(–9800) ft.) | 10–200 m. (0–700 ft.) |
Distribution |
AZ; CA; CO; IA; IL; IN; KS; MI; MN; MO; MT; ND; NE; NM; NV; NY; OK; SD; TX; UT; WI; WY; AB; BC; MB; ON; SK; Mexico (Aguascalientes, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Puebla, San Luis Potosí, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Zacatecas); introduced in South America (Brazil); Europe (Wales)
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AL; AR; LA; MS; OK; TX |
Discussion | Oenothera suffrutescens is naturalized sporadically in southern California (Los Angeles, San Diego, Santa Barbara, and Ventura counties; although native in eastern part of the state), Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, New York, southern Ontario, and Wisconsin. P. H. Raven and D. P. Gregory (1972[1973]) determined Oenothera suffrutescens to be self-incompatible and polyploid. It is known to form hybrids with O. calcicola and O. hispida. Schizocarya kunthii Spach is an illegitimate name based on Gaura epilobioides that pertains here. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
G. B. Straley (1977) determined Oenothera spachiana to be self-compatible and autogamous. Collections outside the native range of O. spachiana have been made as a ballast weed in Camden County, New Jersey. Oenothera drummondii (Spach) Walpers (1843), not Hooker (1834) is a later homonym and pertains here. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 10. | FNA vol. 10. |
Parent taxa | Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Onagreae > Oenothera > sect. Gaura > subsect. Campogaura | Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Onagreae > Oenothera > sect. Kneiffia |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Gaura suffrutescens, G. bracteata, G. coccinea, G. coccinea var. arizonica, G. coccinea var. epilobioides, G. coccinea var. glabra, G. coccinea var. integerrima, G. coccinea var. parvifolia, G. epilobioides, G. glabra, G. induta, G. linearis, G. marginata, G. multicaulis, G. odorata, G. parvifolia, G. spicata | Blennoderma drummondii, Kneiffia spachiana, O. uncinata |
Name authority | (Seringe) W. L. Wagner & Hoch: Syst. Bot. Monogr. 83: 214. (2007) | Torrey & A. Gray: Fl. N. Amer. 1: 498. (1840) |
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