Oenothera suffrutescens |
Oenothera nealleyi |
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linda tarde, scarlet beeblossom, scarlet evening-primrose, scarlet gaura, wild honeysuckle |
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Habit | Herbs perennial, densely strigillose, sometimes also long-villous proximally, sometimes glabrate; from a deep, thick taproot, often with branching underground stems, or branching only at surface, these often becoming horizontal or nearly so and giving rise to new plants. | Herbs annual, sparsely villous proximally, leaves glabrate to sparsely villous along veins and on margins, usually glandular puberulent in distal parts; from stout taproot. |
Stems | erect or ascending, usually many-branched, 10–120 cm. |
usually well-branched, 20–70(–100) cm. |
Leaves | in a basal rosette (but not present at flowering) and cauline, 0.7–6.5 × 0.1–1.5 cm, blade linear to narrowly elliptic, margins entire or remotely and coarsely serrate. |
in a basal rosette and cauline, basal 3.5–9 × 0.5–1.5 cm, blade lyrate; cauline 1.5–7 × 0.1–0.6 cm, blade narrowly lanceolate to linear, margins sinuate-dentate, undulate. |
Flowers | 4-merous, zygomorphic, opening near sunset; floral tube 4–11(–13) mm; sepals 5–9(–10) mm; petals white, fading salmon pink to scarlet-red, slightly unequal, obovate to elliptic-obovate or elliptic, 3–7(–8) mm, abruptly clawed; filaments 3–6.5(–7) mm, anthers (2.5–)3–5(–5.5) mm; style 10–22 mm, stigma exserted beyond anthers at anthesis. |
4-merous, zygomorphic, opening at sunset; floral tube 10–20 mm; sepals 11–21 mm; petals white, fading pink to red, elliptic to elliptic-obovate, 10–15 mm; filaments 8–13 mm, anthers 2–6 mm, pollen 90–100% fertile; style 22–36 mm, stigma exserted beyond anthers at anthesis. |
Capsules | erect, pyramidal in distal 1/2 and abruptly constricted to terete proximal part, pyramidal part weakly or strongly angled, not conspicuously bulging at base, 4–9 × (1–)1.5–3 mm; sessile. |
ellipsoid or ovoid, narrowly 4-winged, furrowed between angles, 4.5–8 × 2–5 mm, stipe 0.2–2.2 mm; sessile. |
Seeds | (1–)3 or 4, light to reddish brown, 1.5–3 × 1–1.5 mm. |
3 or 4 (or 5), yellowish to light brown, 2–3(–4) × 1 mm. |
2n | = 14, 28, 42, 56. |
= 14. |
Oenothera suffrutescens |
Oenothera nealleyi |
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Phenology | Flowering Apr–Aug(–Nov). | Flowering Apr–Oct. |
Habitat | Sandy or clay soil, often calcareous, desert shrublands to pinyon-juniper or oak woodlands, grasslands, disturbed areas. | Washes, sandy places, grasslands, extending to pinyon-juniper woodlands. |
Elevation | 150–2000(–3000) m. (500–6600(–9800) ft.) | 1200–2200 m. (3900–7200 ft.) |
Distribution |
AZ; CA; CO; IA; IL; IN; KS; MI; MN; MO; MT; ND; NE; NM; NV; NY; OK; SD; TX; UT; WI; WY; AB; BC; MB; ON; SK; Mexico (Aguascalientes, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Puebla, San Luis Potosí, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Zacatecas); introduced in South America (Brazil); Europe (Wales)
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NM; TX; Mexico (Coahuila) |
Discussion | Oenothera suffrutescens is naturalized sporadically in southern California (Los Angeles, San Diego, Santa Barbara, and Ventura counties; although native in eastern part of the state), Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, New York, southern Ontario, and Wisconsin. P. H. Raven and D. P. Gregory (1972[1973]) determined Oenothera suffrutescens to be self-incompatible and polyploid. It is known to form hybrids with O. calcicola and O. hispida. Schizocarya kunthii Spach is an illegitimate name based on Gaura epilobioides that pertains here. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Oenothera nealleyi is restricted to an area from trans-Pecos Texas and northern Coahuila, Mexico, north to Bernalillo and Torrance counties, New Mexico. P. H. Raven and D. P. Gregory (1972[1973]) considered O. nealleyi to represent an unevenly intergrading entity with O. suffulta based on merging of distinguishing characteristics. The known intermediates occur in Terrell County, Texas, and were previously described as Gaura suffulta var. terrellensis Munz, but until new data on its status are available, we include this name with O. nealleyi. The molecular data (K. N. Krakos, unpubl.) suggest that O. nealleyi is not as closely related to O. suffulta as suggested by Raven and Gregory, given the placement in the phylogeny and the difference in scent profiles for these two taxa. Oenothera suffulta is a member of a strongly supported clade that also includes O. patriciae and O. triangulata, while O. nealleyi is a member of a polytomy that consists of other species of subsect. Gaura, with the O. suffulta—O. triangulata—O. patriciae clade sister to it (W. L. Wagner et al. 2013). Oenothera nealleyi has a strong sweet scent, whereas O. suffulta does not have a discernible scent (Wagner et al.). Raven and Gregory determined O. nealleyi to be self-incompatible. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 10. | FNA vol. 10. |
Parent taxa | Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Onagreae > Oenothera > sect. Gaura > subsect. Campogaura | Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Onagreae > Oenothera > sect. Gaura > subsect. Gaura |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Gaura suffrutescens, G. bracteata, G. coccinea, G. coccinea var. arizonica, G. coccinea var. epilobioides, G. coccinea var. glabra, G. coccinea var. integerrima, G. coccinea var. parvifolia, G. epilobioides, G. glabra, G. induta, G. linearis, G. marginata, G. multicaulis, G. odorata, G. parvifolia, G. spicata | Gaura nealleyi, G. suffulta subsp. nealleyi, G. suffulta var. terrellensis, O. suffulta subsp. nealleyi |
Name authority | (Seringe) W. L. Wagner & Hoch: Syst. Bot. Monogr. 83: 214. (2007) | (J. M. Coulter) Krakos & W. L. Wagner: PhytoKeys 28: 64. (2013) |
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