Oenothera suffrutescens |
Oenothera heterophylla |
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linda tarde, scarlet beeblossom, scarlet evening-primrose, scarlet gaura, wild honeysuckle |
variableleaf evening primrose |
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Habit | Herbs perennial, densely strigillose, sometimes also long-villous proximally, sometimes glabrate; from a deep, thick taproot, often with branching underground stems, or branching only at surface, these often becoming horizontal or nearly so and giving rise to new plants. | Herbs annual or short-lived perennial, sparsely to densely strigillose, inflorescence sometimes also sparsely glandular puberulent, villous, or sparsely hirsute with spreading, pustulate-based hairs, or sometimes glabrate. | ||||
Stems | erect or ascending, usually many-branched, 10–120 cm. |
unbranched or branched mainly in distal part, 25–70 cm. |
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Leaves | in a basal rosette (but not present at flowering) and cauline, 0.7–6.5 × 0.1–1.5 cm, blade linear to narrowly elliptic, margins entire or remotely and coarsely serrate. |
in a basal rosette and cauline, basal 7–15 × 1–2.5 cm, cauline 3–13 ×0.4–2.3 cm; blade narrowly oblanceolate to oblanceolate, gradually narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate or elliptic distally, margins deeply lobed to remotely dentate or subentire; bracts longer than capsule they subtend, 1–3 cm. |
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Inflorescences | dense, often with several lateral branches, mature buds usually overtopping spike apex. |
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Flowers | 4-merous, zygomorphic, opening near sunset; floral tube 4–11(–13) mm; sepals 5–9(–10) mm; petals white, fading salmon pink to scarlet-red, slightly unequal, obovate to elliptic-obovate or elliptic, 3–7(–8) mm, abruptly clawed; filaments 3–6.5(–7) mm, anthers (2.5–)3–5(–5.5) mm; style 10–22 mm, stigma exserted beyond anthers at anthesis. |
2–several per spike opening per day near sunset; buds erect, with free tips erect or spreading, 1–6 mm; floral tube nearly straight, 25–47 mm; sepals 15–30 mm; petals yellow, broadly elliptic to nearly rhombic, 18–35 mm; filaments 15–30 mm, anthers 3–8 mm, pollen 85–100% fertile; style 45–75 mm, stigma usually exserted beyond anthers at anthesis. |
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Capsules | erect, pyramidal in distal 1/2 and abruptly constricted to terete proximal part, pyramidal part weakly or strongly angled, not conspicuously bulging at base, 4–9 × (1–)1.5–3 mm; sessile. |
lanceoloid, 13–25 × 2.5–4 mm. |
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Seeds | (1–)3 or 4, light to reddish brown, 1.5–3 × 1–1.5 mm. |
brown, often flecked with darker spots, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, 1.1–1.8 × 0.4–0.8 mm. |
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2n | = 14, 28, 42, 56. |
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Oenothera suffrutescens |
Oenothera heterophylla |
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Phenology | Flowering Apr–Aug(–Nov). | |||||
Habitat | Sandy or clay soil, often calcareous, desert shrublands to pinyon-juniper or oak woodlands, grasslands, disturbed areas. | |||||
Elevation | 150–2000(–3000) m. (500–6600(–9800) ft.) | |||||
Distribution |
AZ; CA; CO; IA; IL; IN; KS; MI; MN; MO; MT; ND; NE; NM; NV; NY; OK; SD; TX; UT; WI; WY; AB; BC; MB; ON; SK; Mexico (Aguascalientes, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Puebla, San Luis Potosí, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Zacatecas); introduced in South America (Brazil); Europe (Wales)
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s United States |
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Discussion | Oenothera suffrutescens is naturalized sporadically in southern California (Los Angeles, San Diego, Santa Barbara, and Ventura counties; although native in eastern part of the state), Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, New York, southern Ontario, and Wisconsin. P. H. Raven and D. P. Gregory (1972[1973]) determined Oenothera suffrutescens to be self-incompatible and polyploid. It is known to form hybrids with O. calcicola and O. hispida. Schizocarya kunthii Spach is an illegitimate name based on Gaura epilobioides that pertains here. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Subspecies 2 (2 in the flora). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 10. | FNA vol. 10. | ||||
Parent taxa | Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Onagreae > Oenothera > sect. Gaura > subsect. Campogaura | Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Onagreae > Oenothera > sect. Oenothera > subsect. Candela | ||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||
Subordinate taxa | ||||||
Synonyms | Gaura suffrutescens, G. bracteata, G. coccinea, G. coccinea var. arizonica, G. coccinea var. epilobioides, G. coccinea var. glabra, G. coccinea var. integerrima, G. coccinea var. parvifolia, G. epilobioides, G. glabra, G. induta, G. linearis, G. marginata, G. multicaulis, G. odorata, G. parvifolia, G. spicata | Raimannia heterophylla | ||||
Name authority | (Seringe) W. L. Wagner & Hoch: Syst. Bot. Monogr. 83: 214. (2007) | Spach: Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 4: 348. (1836) | ||||
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