Oenothera sect. Megapterium |
Oenothera brachycarpa |
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shortfruit evening-primrose |
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Habit | Herbs perennial, acaulescent or caulescent; from a stout, woody taproot, sometimes (O. brachycarpa, O. howardii) lateral roots producing adventitious shoots. | Herbs acaulescent or sometimes caulescent, strigillose, also hirsute, hairs often with reddish purple pustulate base, glandular puberulent distally; from a woody taproot, sometimes lateral roots producing adventitious shoots. | ||||||||||||
Stems | ascending or becoming decumbent, usually unbranched. |
(when present) ascending, longer ones becoming decumbent, usually densely leafy, 0–20(–36) cm. |
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Leaves | in a basal rosette, often also cauline, (2.8–)5–21(–34) cm; blade margins entire, dentate, or pinnatifid. |
in a basal rosette, sometimes also cauline, (3.1–)5–21(–34) × (0.3–)1.5–3.5(–5.3) cm; petiole (0.8–)2.5–11(–15) cm; blade usually lanceolate to elliptic, rhombic-obovate, sometimes suborbicular or linear, usually irregularly pinnatifid, some sinuses extending nearly to midrib, usually with a large terminal lobe (0.1–)1.5–2(–2.4) cm, margins erose, apex acute to obtuse or rounded. |
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Inflorescences | solitary flowers in axils of distal leaves. |
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Flowers | opening near sunset, with sweet scent or nearly unscented; buds erect, quadrangular, with free tips; floral tube (21–)35–210(–220) mm; sepals splitting along one suture, remaining coherent and reflexed as a unit at anthesis; petals yellow, fading yellow, orange, pink, or deep red, obovate to rhombic-obovate; stigma deeply divided into 4 linear lobes. |
usually 1–3, rarely more, opening per day near sunset, weakly scented; buds with unequal free tips 1–7 mm; floral tube (90–)120–210(–220) mm; sepals 38–55 mm; petals pale yellow to yellow, fading pale orange to pink, drying lavender to purple, usually broadly rhombic-obovate, sometimes obovate, (38–)45–58(–62) mm, distal margin usually erose; filaments (16–)20–32 mm, anthers (8–)13–21 mm; style (123–)155–240(–255) mm, stigma exserted beyond anthers at anthesis. |
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Capsules | papery, leathery, or corky in age, ovoid, narrowly lanceoloid to broadly ellipsoid, or globose, winged, wings 10–32 mm wide throughout, or capsule walls with corky thickening and wings not developed (sometimes in O. brachycarpa), then capsule appearing only 4-angled, apex truncate to cuneate, dehiscent 1/4–1/3 their length; pedicellate, sometimes disarticulating from plant at maturity. |
leathery or corky, ovoid to narrowly ellipsoid, ± winged, wings 0–3(–5) mm wide, sometimes capsule with corky thickening between wings, then capsule only 4-angled, body (12–)18–40 × 6–10 mm, dehiscent 1/4 their length; pedicel 0–3 mm. |
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Seeds | numerous, in 1 or 2 rows per locule, grayish to yellowish brown, brown, or dark purplish brown, obovoid or subcuboid, angled or rounded, usually with an erose wing distally, surface coarsely rugose and reticulate, thickened, especially at distal end, this area with an internal cavity adjacent to embryo. |
usually numerous, in 1 or 2 rows per locule, obovoid to subcuboid, 3–5 × 1.8–2.2 mm. |
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2n | = 14, 28, 42, 56. |
= 14. |
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Oenothera sect. Megapterium |
Oenothera brachycarpa |
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Phenology | Flowering Mar–Aug. | |||||||||||||
Habitat | Rocky sites, usually on limestone, shale, or gypsum, on igneous substrates from canyons and slopes in Chihuahuan Desert scrub, grasslands, oak-pine-juniper woodlands, open sites in ponderosa pine-Douglas fir forests. | |||||||||||||
Elevation | 1000–2700 m. (3300–8900 ft.) | |||||||||||||
Distribution | w United States; c United States; n Mexico |
AZ; NM; TX; Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Sonora)
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Discussion | Species 4 (4 in the flora). Section Megapterium consists of four species (eight taxa); two (Oenothera brachycarpa,O. macrocarpa) are diploid (2n = 14), one (O. coryi) is hexaploid (2n = 42), and one (O. howardii) has tetraploid, hexaploid, and octoploid populations (2n = 28, 42, 56) (W. L. Wagner et al. 2007). The species usually occur on xeric rocky sites of limestone, sandstone, shale, or gypsum, rarely (O. brachycarpa) on volcanic soil, from eastern Nevada, Utah, and eastern Colorado east to the Mississippi River in Missouri, and south through northern Arkansas and Texas, to Coahuila, Durango, and Nuevo León, Mexico; there are only two isolated records (O. macrocarpa subsp. macrocarpa from St. Clair County, Illinois, and Rutherford County, Tennessee) from east of the Mississippi River, at 130–3000 m elevation. All species are self-incompatible and vespertine, the flowers fading the following morning, or sometimes remaining open for a second day in O. macrocarpa, pollinated by hawkmoths including Hyles, Manduca, and Sphinx (see Wagner et al. for summary). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Oenotherabrachycarpa occurs from southeastern Arizona in southern Navajo, southeastern Pima, Graham, Santa Cruz, and Cochise counties, east across southern New Mexico to Val Verde and Pecos counties in trans-Pecos Texas. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 10. | FNA vol. 10. | ||||||||||||
Parent taxa | ||||||||||||||
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Synonyms | Megapterium, O., O. subg. megapterium | Lavauxia brachycarpa, L. graminifolia, L. wrightii, Megapterium brachycarpum, M. brachycarpum var. wrightii, O. australis, O. brachycarpa var. wrightii, O. cespitosa subsp. australis, O. cespitosa var. australis, O. graminifolia, O. wrightii, Pachylophus australis | ||||||||||||
Name authority | (Spach) Walpers: Repert. Bot. Syst. 2: 82. (1843) | A. Gray: Smithsonian Contr. Knowl. 3(5): 70. (1852) | ||||||||||||
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