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shortfruit evening-primrose

Habit Herbs perennial, acaulescent or caulescent; from a stout, woody taproot, sometimes (O. brachycarpa, O. howardii) lateral roots producing adventitious shoots. Herbs acaulescent or sometimes caulescent, strigillose, also hirsute, hairs often with reddish purple pustulate base, glandular puberulent distally; from a woody taproot, sometimes lateral roots producing adventitious shoots.
Stems

ascending or becoming decumbent, usually unbranched.

(when present) ascending, longer ones becoming decumbent, usually densely leafy, 0–20(–36) cm.

Leaves

in a basal rosette, often also cauline, (2.8–)5–21(–34) cm;

blade margins entire, dentate, or pinnatifid.

in a basal rosette, sometimes also cauline, (3.1–)5–21(–34) × (0.3–)1.5–3.5(–5.3) cm;

petiole (0.8–)2.5–11(–15) cm;

blade usually lanceolate to elliptic, rhombic-obovate, sometimes suborbicular or linear, usually irregularly pinnatifid, some sinuses extending nearly to midrib, usually with a large terminal lobe (0.1–)1.5–2(–2.4) cm, margins erose, apex acute to obtuse or rounded.

Inflorescences

solitary flowers in axils of distal leaves.

Flowers

opening near sunset, with sweet scent or nearly unscented;

buds erect, quadrangular, with free tips;

floral tube (21–)35–210(–220) mm;

sepals splitting along one suture, remaining coherent and reflexed as a unit at anthesis;

petals yellow, fading yellow, orange, pink, or deep red, obovate to rhombic-obovate;

stigma deeply divided into 4 linear lobes.

usually 1–3, rarely more, opening per day near sunset, weakly scented;

buds with unequal free tips 1–7 mm;

floral tube (90–)120–210(–220) mm;

sepals 38–55 mm;

petals pale yellow to yellow, fading pale orange to pink, drying lavender to purple, usually broadly rhombic-obovate, sometimes obovate, (38–)45–58(–62) mm, distal margin usually erose;

filaments (16–)20–32 mm, anthers (8–)13–21 mm;

style (123–)155–240(–255) mm, stigma exserted beyond anthers at anthesis.

Capsules

papery, leathery, or corky in age, ovoid, narrowly lanceoloid to broadly ellipsoid, or globose, winged, wings 10–32 mm wide throughout, or capsule walls with corky thickening and wings not developed (sometimes in O. brachycarpa), then capsule appearing only 4-angled, apex truncate to cuneate, dehiscent 1/4–1/3 their length;

pedicellate, sometimes disarticulating from plant at maturity.

leathery or corky, ovoid to narrowly ellipsoid, ± winged, wings 0–3(–5) mm wide, sometimes capsule with corky thickening between wings, then capsule only 4-angled, body (12–)18–40 × 6–10 mm, dehiscent 1/4 their length;

pedicel 0–3 mm.

Seeds

numerous, in 1 or 2 rows per locule, grayish to yellowish brown, brown, or dark purplish brown, obovoid or subcuboid, angled or rounded, usually with an erose wing distally, surface coarsely rugose and reticulate, thickened, especially at distal end, this area with an internal cavity adjacent to embryo.

usually numerous, in 1 or 2 rows per locule, obovoid to subcuboid, 3–5 × 1.8–2.2 mm.

2n

= 14, 28, 42, 56.

= 14.

Oenothera sect. Megapterium

Oenothera brachycarpa

Phenology Flowering Mar–Aug.
Habitat Rocky sites, usually on limestone, shale, or gypsum, on igneous substrates from canyons and slopes in Chihuahuan Desert scrub, grasslands, oak-pine-juniper woodlands, open sites in ponderosa pine-Douglas fir forests.
Elevation 1000–2700 m. (3300–8900 ft.)
Distribution
w United States; c United States; n Mexico
from FNA
AZ; NM; TX; Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Sonora)
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Discussion

Species 4 (4 in the flora).

Section Megapterium consists of four species (eight taxa); two (Oenothera brachycarpa,O. macrocarpa) are diploid (2n = 14), one (O. coryi) is hexaploid (2n = 42), and one (O. howardii) has tetraploid, hexaploid, and octoploid populations (2n = 28, 42, 56) (W. L. Wagner et al. 2007). The species usually occur on xeric rocky sites of limestone, sandstone, shale, or gypsum, rarely (O. brachycarpa) on volcanic soil, from eastern Nevada, Utah, and eastern Colorado east to the Mississippi River in Missouri, and south through northern Arkansas and Texas, to Coahuila, Durango, and Nuevo León, Mexico; there are only two isolated records (O. macrocarpa subsp. macrocarpa from St. Clair County, Illinois, and Rutherford County, Tennessee) from east of the Mississippi River, at 130–3000 m elevation. All species are self-incompatible and vespertine, the flowers fading the following morning, or sometimes remaining open for a second day in O. macrocarpa, pollinated by hawkmoths including Hyles, Manduca, and Sphinx (see Wagner et al. for summary).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Oenotherabrachycarpa occurs from southeastern Arizona in southern Navajo, southeastern Pima, Graham, Santa Cruz, and Cochise counties, east across southern New Mexico to Val Verde and Pecos counties in trans-Pecos Texas.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Leaves (2.8–)3.7–12.5(–17) cm, blade margins entire or denticulate or serrulate; plants caulescent; stems (1–)4–40(–60) cm.
O. macrocarpa
1. Leaves (3.1–)5–21(–34) cm, blade margins usually pinnately lobed, sometimes lobed only proximally; plants acaulescent or sometimes caulescent; stems 0–20(–36) cm.
→ 2
2. Petals pale yellow to yellow, drying lavender to purple, usually broadly rhombic-obovate, rarely obovate, usually appearing crumpled; floral tubes (90–)120–210(–220) mm; leaf blade usually with a large terminal lobe, margins usually irregularly pinnatifid with some of the sinuses extending nearly to midrib, margins usually erose; capsule wings 0–3(–5) mm wide.
O. brachycarpa
2. Petals lemon-yellow to brilliant yellow, drying purple to reddish brown, rarely lavender, broadly obovate, not crumpled; floral tubes (43–)60–110(–125) mm; leaf blade without a large terminal lobe, margins entire or irregularly pinnately lobed, sinuses usually extending less than 1/2 to midrib, margins not erose; capsule wings (2–)4–7(–11) mm wide.
→ 3
3. Petals brilliant yellow, (30–)40–60(–73) mm, drying deep reddish purple to reddish brown; flowers with strong, sweet scent; buds with free tips 1–3(–4) mm; leaves (0.5–)1–2(–3) cm wide, blades usually oblanceolate, elliptic to narrowly elliptic, rarely lanceolate.
O. howardii
3. Petals lemon-yellow, 35–43 mm, drying lavender to purple; flowers with weak scent; buds with free tips 0.7–1.2 mm; leaves (0.2–)0.3–0.5(–0.7) cm wide, blades linear to narrowly lanceolate.
O. coryi
Source FNA vol. 10. FNA vol. 10.
Parent taxa Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Onagreae > Oenothera Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Onagreae > Oenothera > sect. Megapterium
Sibling taxa
O. acutissima, O. albicaulis, O. argillicola, O. arida, O. arizonica, O. biennis, O. boquillensis, O. calcicola, O. californica, O. canescens, O. capillifolia, O. cavernae, O. cespitosa, O. cinerea, O. clelandii, O. coloradensis, O. cordata, O. coronopifolia, O. coryi, O. curtiflora, O. curtissii, O. deltoides, O. demareei, O. dodgeniana, O. drummondii, O. elata, O. engelmannii, O. falfurriae, O. filiformis, O. filipes, O. flava, O. fruticosa, O. gaura, O. gayleana, O. glaucifolia, O. glazioviana, O. grandiflora, O. grandis, O. harringtonii, O. hartwegii, O. havardii, O. heterophylla, O. hispida, O. howardii, O. humifusa, O. jamesii, O. kunthiana, O. laciniata, O. lavandulifolia, O. lindheimeri, O. linifolia, O. longissima, O. macrocarpa, O. mckelveyae, O. mexicana, O. nealleyi, O. neomexicana, O. nutans, O. nuttallii, O. oakesiana, O. organensis, O. pallida, O. parviflora, O. patriciae, O. perennis, O. pilosella, O. platanorum, O. podocarpa, O. primiveris, O. psammophila, O. pubescens, O. rhombipetala, O. riparia, O. rosea, O. serrulata, O. sessilis, O. simulans, O. sinuosa, O. spachiana, O. speciosa, O. stricta, O. suffrutescens, O. suffulta, O. tetraptera, O. texensis, O. toumeyi, O. triangulata, O. triloba, O. tubicula, O. villosa, O. wolfii, O. xylocarpa
Subordinate taxa
O. brachycarpa, O. coryi, O. howardii, O. macrocarpa
Synonyms Megapterium, O., O. subg. megapterium Lavauxia brachycarpa, L. graminifolia, L. wrightii, Megapterium brachycarpum, M. brachycarpum var. wrightii, O. australis, O. brachycarpa var. wrightii, O. cespitosa subsp. australis, O. cespitosa var. australis, O. graminifolia, O. wrightii, Pachylophus australis
Name authority (Spach) Walpers: Repert. Bot. Syst. 2: 82. (1843) A. Gray: Smithsonian Contr. Knowl. 3(5): 70. (1852)
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