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meadow evening-primrose

Cleland's evening primrose

Habit Herbs perennial, usually densely to sparsely hirsute, rarely glabrous; from a thickened base, rhizomatous. Herbs biennial, densely to sometimes sparsely strigillose, or also sparsely glandular puberulent distally.
Stems

spreading or ascending, unbranched or few-branched distally, 20–80 cm.

sometimes with lateral branches arising obliquely from rosette, 20–70(–100) cm.

Leaves

in a basal rosette and cauline, basal 4–8 × 2–5 cm, petiole (0.5–)1–3(–4) cm, blade oblanceolate to ovate, margins entire;

cauline 3–10(–13) × 1–2(–4) cm, petiole 0–0.5(–2) cm, blade lanceolate to ovate, abruptly narrowed to base, margins subentire or coarsely dentate.

in a basal rosette and cauline, basal 5–16 × 0.5–1.5 cm, cauline 2–12 × 0.5–2 cm;

blade narrowly oblanceolate, gradually narrowly elliptic to narrowly lanceolate distally, margins lobed to remotely dentate or subentire;

bracts slightly longer than capsule they subtend.

Inflorescences

erect, flowers in axils of distalmost few nodes.

dense, without lateral branches, mature buds usually not overtopping spike apex.

Flowers

opening near sunrise;

buds with free tips 1–3 mm, spreading;

floral tube 10–25 mm;

sepals 10–20 mm;

petals bright yellow, fading pale pink or pale yellow, 15–30 mm;

filaments 7–15 mm, anthers 4–8 mm, pollen 85–100% fertile;

style 10–20 mm, stigma exserted beyond anthers at anthesis.

2–several per spike opening per day near sunset;

buds erect, with free tips erect, 0.5–2 mm;

floral tube slightly curved upward to± straight, 15–40 mm;

sepals 6–13 mm;

petals yellow, broadly elliptic to rhombic-ovate, 5–16 mm;

filaments 4–18 mm, anthers 2–3.5 mm, pollen ca. 50% fertile;

style 20–40 mm, stigma surrounded by anthers at anthesis.

Capsules

usually oblong-clavate to oblong-ellipsoid or ellipsoid, 4-angled or weakly 4-winged, (5–)10–15(–28) × 2–4(–5) mm, stipe (1–)3–5(–9) mm;

sessile.

narrowly lanceoloid, 10–20 ×2–3 mm.

Seeds

1 × 0.5 mm.

brown, sometimes flecked with dark red spots, ellipsoid, 1–1.9 × 0.4–0.8 mm.

2n

= 56.

= 14.

Oenothera pilosella

Oenothera clelandii

Phenology Flowering May–Jul(–Aug). Flowering Jun–Aug(–Sep).
Habitat Open fields, edge of woods, marshes and bottomland prairies, open dis­turbed sites, ditches, old fields, railroads, roadsides. Fields, prairies, sandy soil.
Elevation 100–600 m. (300–2000 ft.) 150–300 m. (500–1000 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AL; AR; CT; IA; IL; IN; KY; LA; MA; ME; MI; MO; MS; NH; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; VA; VT; WI; WV; ON
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[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AR; IA; IL; IN; KY; MI; MN; MO; NJ; NY; VA; WI; ON
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Oenothera pilosella is widespread in cultivation in gardens and frequently escapes and becomes naturalized; the northern and eastern natural limits of O. pilosella are not clear. According to G. B. Straley (1977) the natural limits are from Wayne County, West Virginia, along the Ohio River and Erie County, New York, for the eastern limits, and Tuscola County, Michigan, and Manitowoc County, Wisconsin, for the northern limits. K. N. Krakos (2014), based on new field studies and phylogenetic data, found that O. pilosella does not form a monophyletic group with plants previously treated by Straley as O. pilosella subsp. sessilis in molecular analyses, and thus is here reinstated as the distinct species O. sessilis. Straley determined that O. pilosella is self-incompatible and an octoploid, one of the few in the genus.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Oenothera clelandii is a PTH species and forms a ring of 14 chromosomes in meiosis, and is self-compatible and autogamous (W. Dietrich and W. L. Wagner 1988). Some localities in the easternmost states may represent introductions, primarily occurring in disturbed areas along roads and railroad lines.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 10. FNA vol. 10.
Parent taxa Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Onagreae > Oenothera > sect. Kneiffia Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Onagreae > Oenothera > sect. Oenothera > subsect. Candela
Sibling taxa
O. acutissima, O. albicaulis, O. argillicola, O. arida, O. arizonica, O. biennis, O. boquillensis, O. brachycarpa, O. calcicola, O. californica, O. canescens, O. capillifolia, O. cavernae, O. cespitosa, O. cinerea, O. clelandii, O. coloradensis, O. cordata, O. coronopifolia, O. coryi, O. curtiflora, O. curtissii, O. deltoides, O. demareei, O. dodgeniana, O. drummondii, O. elata, O. engelmannii, O. falfurriae, O. filiformis, O. filipes, O. flava, O. fruticosa, O. gaura, O. gayleana, O. glaucifolia, O. glazioviana, O. grandiflora, O. grandis, O. harringtonii, O. hartwegii, O. havardii, O. heterophylla, O. hispida, O. howardii, O. humifusa, O. jamesii, O. kunthiana, O. laciniata, O. lavandulifolia, O. lindheimeri, O. linifolia, O. longissima, O. macrocarpa, O. mckelveyae, O. mexicana, O. nealleyi, O. neomexicana, O. nutans, O. nuttallii, O. oakesiana, O. organensis, O. pallida, O. parviflora, O. patriciae, O. perennis, O. platanorum, O. podocarpa, O. primiveris, O. psammophila, O. pubescens, O. rhombipetala, O. riparia, O. rosea, O. serrulata, O. sessilis, O. simulans, O. sinuosa, O. spachiana, O. speciosa, O. stricta, O. suffrutescens, O. suffulta, O. tetraptera, O. texensis, O. toumeyi, O. triangulata, O. triloba, O. tubicula, O. villosa, O. wolfii, O. xylocarpa
O. acutissima, O. albicaulis, O. argillicola, O. arida, O. arizonica, O. biennis, O. boquillensis, O. brachycarpa, O. calcicola, O. californica, O. canescens, O. capillifolia, O. cavernae, O. cespitosa, O. cinerea, O. coloradensis, O. cordata, O. coronopifolia, O. coryi, O. curtiflora, O. curtissii, O. deltoides, O. demareei, O. dodgeniana, O. drummondii, O. elata, O. engelmannii, O. falfurriae, O. filiformis, O. filipes, O. flava, O. fruticosa, O. gaura, O. gayleana, O. glaucifolia, O. glazioviana, O. grandiflora, O. grandis, O. harringtonii, O. hartwegii, O. havardii, O. heterophylla, O. hispida, O. howardii, O. humifusa, O. jamesii, O. kunthiana, O. laciniata, O. lavandulifolia, O. lindheimeri, O. linifolia, O. longissima, O. macrocarpa, O. mckelveyae, O. mexicana, O. nealleyi, O. neomexicana, O. nutans, O. nuttallii, O. oakesiana, O. organensis, O. pallida, O. parviflora, O. patriciae, O. perennis, O. pilosella, O. platanorum, O. podocarpa, O. primiveris, O. psammophila, O. pubescens, O. rhombipetala, O. riparia, O. rosea, O. serrulata, O. sessilis, O. simulans, O. sinuosa, O. spachiana, O. speciosa, O. stricta, O. suffrutescens, O. suffulta, O. tetraptera, O. texensis, O. toumeyi, O. triangulata, O. triloba, O. tubicula, O. villosa, O. wolfii, O. xylocarpa
Synonyms Kneiffia fruticosa var. pilosella, K. pilosella, K. pratensis, K. sumstinei, O. fruticosa var. hirsuta, O. fruticosa var. pilosella, O. pratensis
Name authority Rafinesque: Ann. Nat. 1: 15. (1820) W. Dietrich, P. H. Raven & W. L. Wagner: Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 70: 196. (1983)
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