The green links below add additional plants to the comparison table. Blue links lead to other Web sites.
enable glossary links

northern evening-primrose, small-flower evening-primrose

Oenothera pallida

mountain evening primrose, pale evening-primrose, rockweed brush, white-stem evening primrose

Habit Herbs biennial, sparsely strigillose, glandular puberulent, and villous with pustulate or non-pustulate hairs, sometimes predominately strigillose proximally or predominately villous with pustulate or non-pustulate hairs distally, glabrous, or some mixture of strigillose, glandular puberulent, or sparsely villous distally, sometimes appearing glabrous to the naked eye. Herbs annual or perennial, glabrous, strigillose and/or villous, sometimes more villous distally, especially on flower parts; from a taproot, sometimes lateral roots producing adventitious shoots.
Stems

erect, green or red on proximal parts or throughout, mostly branched from base or only in distal 1/2, 30–150 cm.

erect or ascending, single to several from base, unbranched or many-branched throughout, 10–50(–70) cm.

Leaves

in a basal rosette and cauline, basal 10–30 × 1–4 cm, cauline 4–18 × 1–3 cm;

blade usually bright green, sometimes pale green distally, white- or red-veined, narrowly oblanceolate, narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, or oblong, margins usually flat, rarely undulate, regularly dentate to remotely denticulate, sometimes teeth widely spaced;

bracts persistent.

cauline, rosette usually weakly developed or absent, at least during flowering, sometimes well developed, 1–5(–7.8) × 0.3–1(–1.5) cm;

petiole 0–2(–4.5) cm;

blade lanceolate, oblong, linear-lanceolate, or ovate, margins subentire or remotely denticulate, deeply sinuate-dentate, or pinnatifid, sometimes repand.

Inflorescences

erect or ± curved, unbranched or with secondary branches just proximal to main one.

Flowers

opening near sunset;

buds erect, 3–5 mm diam., with free tips subterminal, spreading to erect, 0.5–5 mm;

floral tube 22–40 mm;

sepals green to yellowish green or flushed with red or dark red, sometimes only red-flecked, 7–17 mm;

petals yellow to pale yellow, fading pale yellow to pale yellowish orange, very broadly obcordate, 8–15(–20) mm;

filaments 7–13 mm, anthers 3.5–6 mm, pollen ca. 50% fertile;

style 25–50 mm, stigma surrounded by anthers at anthesis.

1–several opening per day near sunset;

buds nodding, weakly quadrangular, with free tips 0–2 mm;

floral tube 15–40 mm;

sepals 10–30 mm, not spotted;

petals white, fading pink to deep pink, broadly obovate or obcordate, (10–)15–25(–40) mm;

filaments 9–15 mm, anthers 3–10 mm;

style 25–55 mm, stigma exserted beyond anthers at anthesis.

Capsules

erect or slightly spreading, usually greenish black when dry, narrowly lanceoloid to lanceoloid, 20–40 ×3.5–5 mm, free tips of valves 1–1.5 mm.

spreading to reflexed, straight to curved or contorted, cylindrical, obtusely 4-angled, tapering slightly from base to apex, 15–60 × 1.5–2.5 mm;

sessile.

Seeds

1.1–1.8 × 0.5–1 mm.

numerous, in 1 row per locule, brownish with dark spots or black, narrowly obovoid, 1.5–2.2 mm.

2n

= 14.

Oenothera parviflora

Oenothera pallida

Phenology Flowering Jun–Aug.
Habitat Open or disturbed, sandy or gravelly sites, roadsides, fallow fields, clearings, riverbanks, along water courses, salt marshes, coastal meadows.
Elevation 0–1700 m. (0–5600 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
CT; DC; DE; IA; IL; IN; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; NC; ND; NH; NJ; NY; OH; PA; RI; TN; VA; VT; WI; WV; BC; NB; NF; NS; ON; PE; QC [Introduced in Europe, Asia (ne China, Japan), s Africa, Pacific Islands (New Zealand), Australia]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from USDA
w North America; n Mexico; c North America
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Oenothera parviflora is a PTH species and forms a ring of 14 chromosomes in meiosis, and is self-compatible and autogamous (W. Dietrich et al. 1997). It has plastome IV and a BC genome composition.

Onagra chrysantha Spach 1835, not Michaux 1803, is a superfluous name, as is Onagra chrysantha var. parviflora (Linnaeus) Spach, and both pertain here. O. biformiflora var. cruciata R. R. Gates is an invalid name that pertains here.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Subspecies 4 (4 in the flora).

Oenothera pallida is a poorly understood species currently subdivided into four subspecies (W. L. Wagner et al. 2007) that differ largely in aspect, leaf division, capsule configuration, and pubescence. The variation pattern is rather complex with almost no diagnostic character uniformly distinguishing any one of the subspecies. Instead, each of the subspecies, which are mostly geographically separated although there is some level of overlap, have diagnostic suites of characters that maintain their linkage some of the time, but break down across the geographic area of each so that no single character uniquely identifies it. Each subspecies is characterized by leaf, pubescence, and, often, habit features. The issues with the integrity and intergradations of the subspecies are discussed below.

Oenothera pallida has been determined to be self-incompatible (W. L. Wagner et al. 2007), but K. E. Theiss et al. (2010) determined that although most populations of subsp. pallida are self-incompatible, one near Salt Lake City is self-compatible.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Herbs annual, sometimes perennial from a taproot, when perennial, sometimes with lateral roots producing adventitious shoots, strigillose throughout and villous distally, especially on flower parts.
subsp. trichocalyx
1. Herbs perennial from a taproot and with lateral roots producing adventitious shoots, glabrous, strigillose, or sparsely villous.
→ 2
2. Plants glabrous, sometimes strigillose, rarely sparsely villous; leaf blade margins usually subentire or remotely denticulate, rarely pinnatifid; capsules usually contorted to curved.
subsp. pallida
2. Plants usually strigillose, rarely villous or glabrous; leaf blade margins shallowly sinuate-dentate or denticulate, or deeply sinuate-dentate to pinnatifid, rarely only dentate; capsules usually straight or curved, sometimes contorted.
→ 3
3. Leaf blades (0.4–)0.7–1.5 cm wide, margins shallowly sinuate-dentate or denticulate.
subsp. latifolia
3. Leaf blades 0.4–1(–1.5) cm wide, margins usually deeply sinuate-dentate to pinnatifid, rarely dentate only.
subsp. runcinata
Source FNA vol. 10. FNA vol. 10.
Parent taxa Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Onagreae > Oenothera > sect. Oenothera > subsect. Oenothera Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Onagreae > Oenothera > sect. Anogra
Sibling taxa
O. acutissima, O. albicaulis, O. argillicola, O. arida, O. arizonica, O. biennis, O. boquillensis, O. brachycarpa, O. calcicola, O. californica, O. canescens, O. capillifolia, O. cavernae, O. cespitosa, O. cinerea, O. clelandii, O. coloradensis, O. cordata, O. coronopifolia, O. coryi, O. curtiflora, O. curtissii, O. deltoides, O. demareei, O. dodgeniana, O. drummondii, O. elata, O. engelmannii, O. falfurriae, O. filiformis, O. filipes, O. flava, O. fruticosa, O. gaura, O. gayleana, O. glaucifolia, O. glazioviana, O. grandiflora, O. grandis, O. harringtonii, O. hartwegii, O. havardii, O. heterophylla, O. hispida, O. howardii, O. humifusa, O. jamesii, O. kunthiana, O. laciniata, O. lavandulifolia, O. lindheimeri, O. linifolia, O. longissima, O. macrocarpa, O. mckelveyae, O. mexicana, O. nealleyi, O. neomexicana, O. nutans, O. nuttallii, O. oakesiana, O. organensis, O. pallida, O. patriciae, O. perennis, O. pilosella, O. platanorum, O. podocarpa, O. primiveris, O. psammophila, O. pubescens, O. rhombipetala, O. riparia, O. rosea, O. serrulata, O. sessilis, O. simulans, O. sinuosa, O. spachiana, O. speciosa, O. stricta, O. suffrutescens, O. suffulta, O. tetraptera, O. texensis, O. toumeyi, O. triangulata, O. triloba, O. tubicula, O. villosa, O. wolfii, O. xylocarpa
O. acutissima, O. albicaulis, O. argillicola, O. arida, O. arizonica, O. biennis, O. boquillensis, O. brachycarpa, O. calcicola, O. californica, O. canescens, O. capillifolia, O. cavernae, O. cespitosa, O. cinerea, O. clelandii, O. coloradensis, O. cordata, O. coronopifolia, O. coryi, O. curtiflora, O. curtissii, O. deltoides, O. demareei, O. dodgeniana, O. drummondii, O. elata, O. engelmannii, O. falfurriae, O. filiformis, O. filipes, O. flava, O. fruticosa, O. gaura, O. gayleana, O. glaucifolia, O. glazioviana, O. grandiflora, O. grandis, O. harringtonii, O. hartwegii, O. havardii, O. heterophylla, O. hispida, O. howardii, O. humifusa, O. jamesii, O. kunthiana, O. laciniata, O. lavandulifolia, O. lindheimeri, O. linifolia, O. longissima, O. macrocarpa, O. mckelveyae, O. mexicana, O. nealleyi, O. neomexicana, O. nutans, O. nuttallii, O. oakesiana, O. organensis, O. parviflora, O. patriciae, O. perennis, O. pilosella, O. platanorum, O. podocarpa, O. primiveris, O. psammophila, O. pubescens, O. rhombipetala, O. riparia, O. rosea, O. serrulata, O. sessilis, O. simulans, O. sinuosa, O. spachiana, O. speciosa, O. stricta, O. suffrutescens, O. suffulta, O. tetraptera, O. texensis, O. toumeyi, O. triangulata, O. triloba, O. tubicula, O. villosa, O. wolfii, O. xylocarpa
Subordinate taxa
O. pallida subsp. latifolia, O. pallida subsp. pallida, O. pallida subsp. runcinata, O. pallida subsp. trichocalyx
Synonyms O. ammophiloidesr. var. flecticaulis, O. ammophiloides var. parva, O. angustifolia, O. angustissima, O. angustissima var. quebecensis, O. apicaborta, O. atrovirens, O. biennis var. cruciata, O. biennis var. parviflora, O. biformiflora, O. cleistantha, O. comosa, O. cruciata, O. cruciata var. sabulonensis, O. deflexa, O. flecticaulis, O. hazeliae, O. hazeliae var. parviflora, O. hazeliae var. subterminalis, O. intermedia, O. laevigata, O. laevigata var. scitula, O. laevigata var. similis, O. novae-scotiae, O. novae-scotiae var. distantifolia, O. novae-scotiae var. intermedia, O. parva, O. parviflora subsp. angustissima, O. parviflora var. angustissima, O. robinsonii, O. rubricapitata, O. scitula, O. subterminalis, O. venosa, Onagra biennis var. cruciata, O. chrysantha var. cruciata, O. cruciata, O. parviflora Anogra pallida, O. albicaulis var. pallida
Name authority Linnaeus: Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 2: 998. (1759) — (as parviflor) Lindley: Bot. Reg. 14: plate 1142. (1828)
Web links