Oenothera parviflora |
Oenothera filipes |
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northern evening-primrose, small-flower evening-primrose |
slenderstalk beeblossom |
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Habit | Herbs biennial, sparsely strigillose, glandular puberulent, and villous with pustulate or non-pustulate hairs, sometimes predominately strigillose proximally or predominately villous with pustulate or non-pustulate hairs distally, glabrous, or some mixture of strigillose, glandular puberulent, or sparsely villous distally, sometimes appearing glabrous to the naked eye. | Herbs perennial, clumped, sparsely to densely strigillose, inflorescence usually glabrous or glandular puberulent, sometimes proximalmost parts villous, hairs erect, 1–2 mm; from heavy, twisted, woody rootstock. |
Stems | erect, green or red on proximal parts or throughout, mostly branched from base or only in distal 1/2, 30–150 cm. |
erect, branched below and just above ground, branched also proximal to inflorescences, 60–250(–300) cm. |
Leaves | in a basal rosette and cauline, basal 10–30 × 1–4 cm, cauline 4–18 × 1–3 cm; blade usually bright green, sometimes pale green distally, white- or red-veined, narrowly oblanceolate, narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, or oblong, margins usually flat, rarely undulate, regularly dentate to remotely denticulate, sometimes teeth widely spaced; bracts persistent. |
in a basal rosette and cauline, (1–)3–9 × (0.1–)0.5–1.3 cm, blade linear or narrowly lanceolate to narrowly oblanceolate, margins slightly to coarsely sinuate-dentate. |
Inflorescences | erect or ± curved, unbranched or with secondary branches just proximal to main one. |
slender, often well-branched, buds small and well-spaced. |
Flowers | opening near sunset; buds erect, 3–5 mm diam., with free tips subterminal, spreading to erect, 0.5–5 mm; floral tube 22–40 mm; sepals green to yellowish green or flushed with red or dark red, sometimes only red-flecked, 7–17 mm; petals yellow to pale yellow, fading pale yellow to pale yellowish orange, very broadly obcordate, 8–15(–20) mm; filaments 7–13 mm, anthers 3.5–6 mm, pollen ca. 50% fertile; style 25–50 mm, stigma surrounded by anthers at anthesis. |
4-merous, zygomorphic, opening near sunset; floral tube 2.5–6 mm; sepals 5–12.5 mm; petals white, fading pink to red, slightly unequal, elliptic, 5–10 mm, clawed; stamens presented evenly around flower parts, filaments 3–8.5 mm, anthers 1.4–4 mm, pollen 90–100% fertile; style 8.5–19 mm, stigma exserted beyond anthers at anthesis. |
Capsules | erect or slightly spreading, usually greenish black when dry, narrowly lanceoloid to lanceoloid, 20–40 ×3.5–5 mm, free tips of valves 1–1.5 mm. |
ovoid, narrowly 4-winged or 4-angled, 5–10 × 1.5–2 mm, abruptly constricted to a sterile stipe 0.5–4.5 mm. |
Seeds | 1.1–1.8 × 0.5–1 mm. |
1 or 2, yellowish to reddish brown, 1.5–3.5 × 1–1.5 mm. |
2n | = 14. |
= 14. |
Oenothera parviflora |
Oenothera filipes |
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Phenology | Flowering Jun–Aug. | Flowering May–Sep(–Oct). |
Habitat | Open or disturbed, sandy or gravelly sites, roadsides, fallow fields, clearings, riverbanks, along water courses, salt marshes, coastal meadows. | Sandy hills and flats, open woods. |
Elevation | 0–1700 m. (0–5600 ft.) | 0–300 m. (0–1000 ft.) |
Distribution |
CT; DC; DE; IA; IL; IN; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; NC; ND; NH; NJ; NY; OH; PA; RI; TN; VA; VT; WI; WV; BC; NB; NF; NS; ON; PE; QC [Introduced in Europe, Asia (ne China, Japan), s Africa, Pacific Islands (New Zealand), Australia]
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AL; FL; GA; IL; IN; KY; LA; MO; MS; SC; TN
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Discussion | Oenothera parviflora is a PTH species and forms a ring of 14 chromosomes in meiosis, and is self-compatible and autogamous (W. Dietrich et al. 1997). It has plastome IV and a BC genome composition. Onagra chrysantha Spach 1835, not Michaux 1803, is a superfluous name, as is Onagra chrysantha var. parviflora (Linnaeus) Spach, and both pertain here. O. biformiflora var. cruciata R. R. Gates is an invalid name that pertains here. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Oenothera filipes occurs marginally in several states, including: southernmost Illinois and southern Indiana; northern Florida; southeastern Mississippi; and, Washington Parish, Louisiana. P. H. Raven and D. P. Gregory (1972[1973]) determined O. filipes to be self-incompatible. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 10. | FNA vol. 10. |
Parent taxa | Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Onagreae > Oenothera > sect. Oenothera > subsect. Oenothera | Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Onagreae > Oenothera > sect. Gaura > subsect. Stipogaura |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | O. ammophiloidesr. var. flecticaulis, O. ammophiloides var. parva, O. angustifolia, O. angustissima, O. angustissima var. quebecensis, O. apicaborta, O. atrovirens, O. biennis var. cruciata, O. biennis var. parviflora, O. biformiflora, O. cleistantha, O. comosa, O. cruciata, O. cruciata var. sabulonensis, O. deflexa, O. flecticaulis, O. hazeliae, O. hazeliae var. parviflora, O. hazeliae var. subterminalis, O. intermedia, O. laevigata, O. laevigata var. scitula, O. laevigata var. similis, O. novae-scotiae, O. novae-scotiae var. distantifolia, O. novae-scotiae var. intermedia, O. parva, O. parviflora subsp. angustissima, O. parviflora var. angustissima, O. robinsonii, O. rubricapitata, O. scitula, O. subterminalis, O. venosa, Onagra biennis var. cruciata, O. chrysantha var. cruciata, O. cruciata, O. parviflora | Gaura filipes, G. filipes var. major, G. michauxii |
Name authority | Linnaeus: Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 2: 998. (1759) — (as parviflor) | (Spach) W. L. Wagner & Hoch: Syst. Bot. Monogr. 83: 212. (2007) |
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