Oenothera oakesiana |
Oenothera xylocarpa |
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Oakes' evening-primrose |
wood fruit evening primrose, woodyfruit evening primrose |
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Habit | Herbs biennial, densely silky-strigillose, at least proximally, also sparsely villous with long, appressed hairs, sometimes also villous with spreading, pustulate hairs and/or glandular puberulent distally. | Herbs perennial, acaulescent, densely short-hirsute, also sometimes sparsely long-hirsute distally; from a thick, fleshy taproot. |
Stems | erect to decumbent, green or flushed with red on proximal parts or throughout, unbranched or bushy and branched from base, with side branches arising obliquely or arcuately from rosette, 10–60 cm. |
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Leaves | in a basal rosette and cauline, basal 8–30 × 0.5–3 cm, cauline 3.5–20 ×0.5–2.7 cm; blade grayish green to dull green, very narrowly oblanceolate to narrowly oblanceolate or narrowly elliptic, margins flat, subentire or remotely dentate, teeth sometimes blunt, sometimes sinuate-dentate proximally; bracts persistent. |
in a basal rosette, 2.6–4.2(–6.2) × 1.4–4.2 cm; petiole 2.5–9(–11.5) cm; blade usually oblanceolate to obovate, sometimes suborbiculate, margins dentate, pinnately lobed, lateral lobes oblong to lanceolate, often absent or reduced to only a few lobes toward terminal lobe, base rounded to cordate. |
Inflorescences | usually recurved with ascending tip distally, rarely suberect, unbranched. |
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Flowers | opening near sunset; buds erect, 3–5 mm diam., with free tips subterminal, spreading to erect, 2.5–4 mm; floral tube 15–40 mm; sepals green to yellow, flushed with red and dark red flecked or red-striped, 9–17 mm; petals yellow to pale yellow, fading yellowish white to pale yellowish orange, very broadly obcordate, 7–20 mm; filaments 6–15 mm, anthers 3–7 mm, pollen ca. 50% fertile; style 20–45 mm, stigma surrounded by anthers at anthesis. |
usually 1–3, rarely more, opening per day near sunset; buds erect, quadrangular, without free tips; floral tube 27–45(–55) mm; sepals 25–30 mm; petals intensely yellow, fading deep salmon red, obcordate, 25–38 mm; filaments 17–23 mm, anthers 7–10 mm; style 44–65(–80) mm, stigma somewhat exserted beyond anthers at anthesis. |
Capsules | erect or slightly spreading, usually rusty brown when dry, narrowly lanceoloid to lanceoloid, 15–40 × 4–8 mm, free tips of valves 0.5 mm. |
moderately thin and flexible, lanceoloid, falcate or sigmoid, often contorted and twisted, 4-angled, 35–90 × 7–11 mm, gradually tapering to a long, slender, sterile apex, 10–30(–40) mm, valves conspicuously wrinkled, dehiscent 2/3–3/4 their length; sessile. |
Seeds | 1.1–1.2 ×0.8–1 mm. |
numerous, in 1 row per locule, often forming 2 rows near base of capsule, obovoid, 2.4–3.2 × 1.3–1.7 mm, surface coarsely rugose. |
2n | = 14. |
= 14. |
Oenothera oakesiana |
Oenothera xylocarpa |
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Phenology | Flowering Jun–Aug. | Flowering Jun–Jul(–Aug). |
Habitat | Sandy coastal meadows and dunes, gravelly or rocky sites along rivers, disturbed sites, roadsides. | Open meadows, flats or slopes on loose granitic gravel, sand, or pumice in Pinus jeffreyi forests with Artemisia tridentata, or in Pinus contorta subsp. murrayana and Abies magnifica forests. |
Elevation | 0–50(–500) m. (0–200(–1600) ft.) | 2200–3100 m. (7200–10200 ft.) |
Distribution |
CT; DC; DE; IL; IN; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; NH; NJ; NY; OH; PA; RI; VA; VT; WI; MB; NB; NF; NS; ON; PE; QC [Introduced in Europe, Asia]
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CA; NV |
Discussion | Oenothera oakesiana is a PTH species and forms a ring of 14 chromosomes or a ring of 12 and 1 bivalent in meiosis, and is self-compatible and autogamous (W. Dietrich et al. 1997). It has plastome IV and a AC genome composition. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Oenothera xylocarpa is known from three disjunct areas in California and adjacent Nevada: Mount Rose, Washoe County, Nevada; southern Sierra Nevada, southwestern Mono County, California, from the vicinity of Crestview south to Casa Diablo; and the area in the southern Sierra Nevada bounded by Horseshoe and Big Whitney meadows to the east and north, and Casa Vieja and Volcano Meadows to the south and west, west-central Inyo and eastern Tulare counties, California. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 10. | FNA vol. 10. |
Parent taxa | Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Onagreae > Oenothera > sect. Oenothera > subsect. Oenothera | Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Onagreae > Oenothera > sect. Contortae |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | O. biennis var. oakesiana, O. ammophila, O. ammophiloides, O. ammophiloides var. angustifolia, O. ammophiloides var. laurensis, O. atrovirens var. ostreae, O. canovirens var. cymatilis, O. cruciata var. stenopetala, O. cymatilis, O. deflexa var. bracteata, O. disjuncta, O. eriensis, O. eriensis var. niagarensis, O. eriensis var. repandodentata, O. germanica, O. insignis, O. laevigata var. rubripunctata, O. leucophylla, O. litorea, O. magdalena, O. millersii, O. muricata var. parviflora, O. niagarensis, O. nobska, O. oakesiana var. nobska, O. oakesiana var. tidestromii, O. ostreae, O. parviflora var. oakesiana, O. perangusta, O. perangusta var. rubricalyx, O. repandodentata, O. rubescens, O. stenopetala, O. tidestromii, Onagra oakesiana | Anogra xylocarpa |
Name authority | (A. Gray) J. W. Robbins ex S. Watson & J. M. Coulter in A. Gray et al.: Manual ed. 6, 190. (1890) | Coville: Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 4: 105, plate 8. (1893) |
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