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Oakes' evening-primrose

Habit Herbs biennial, densely silky-strigillose, at least proximally, also sparsely villous with long, appressed hairs, sometimes also villous with spreading, pustulate hairs and/or glandular puberulent distally. Herbs perennial, densely strigillose, glabrate proximally; from fibrous roots.
Stems

erect to decumbent, green or flushed with red on proximal parts or throughout, unbranched or bushy and branched from base, with side branches arising obliquely or arcuately from rosette, 10–60 cm.

ascending, unbranched to few-branched, 30–65 cm.

Leaves

in a basal rosette and cauline, basal 8–30 × 0.5–3 cm, cauline 3.5–20 ×0.5–2.7 cm;

blade grayish green to dull green, very narrowly oblanceolate to narrowly oblanceolate or narrowly elliptic, margins flat, subentire or remotely dentate, teeth sometimes blunt, sometimes sinuate-dentate proximally;

bracts persistent.

in a basal rosette and cauline, basal 2.5–7 ×0.7–2.3 cm, petiole 1–1.5 cm, blade oblanceolate, margins subentire, undulate;

cauline (3–)6–7(–9) ×(0.3–)0.6–0.8(–1.1) cm, sessile, blade lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, margins subentire.

Inflorescences

usually recurved with ascending tip distally, rarely suberect, unbranched.

nodding, flowers in axils of distalmost few nodes.

Flowers

opening near sunset;

buds erect, 3–5 mm diam., with free tips subterminal, spreading to erect, 2.5–4 mm;

floral tube 15–40 mm;

sepals green to yellow, flushed with red and dark red flecked or red-striped, 9–17 mm;

petals yellow to pale yellow, fading yellowish white to pale yellowish orange, very broadly obcordate, 7–20 mm;

filaments 6–15 mm, anthers 3–7 mm, pollen ca. 50% fertile;

style 20–45 mm, stigma surrounded by anthers at anthesis.

opening near sunrise;

buds with free tips 1–2 mm, connivent to spreading;

floral tube 10–15(–20) mm;

sepals 10–18 mm;

petals bright yellow, fading pale pink, 15–25 mm;

filaments 7–9 mm, anthers 5–8 mm, pollen 85–100% fertile;

style 10–12 mm, stigma exserted beyond anthers at anthesis.

Capsules

erect or slightly spreading, usually rusty brown when dry, narrowly lanceoloid to lanceoloid, 15–40 × 4–8 mm, free tips of valves 0.5 mm.

ellipsoid, 4-angled, 8–10 × 3–4 mm, stipe 0–2 mm;

sessile.

Seeds

1.1–1.2 ×0.8–1 mm.

1 × 0.5 mm.

2n

= 14.

= 56.

Oenothera oakesiana

Oenothera sessilis

Phenology Flowering Jun–Aug. Flowering May–Jun.
Habitat Sandy coastal meadows and dunes, gravelly or rocky sites along rivers, disturbed sites, roadsides. Moist remnant prairies in sandy or silty soil.
Elevation 0–50(–500) m. (0–200(–1600) ft.) 0–100 m. (0–300 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
CT; DC; DE; IL; IN; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; NH; NJ; NY; OH; PA; RI; VA; VT; WI; MB; NB; NF; NS; ON; PE; QC [Introduced in Europe, Asia]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AR; LA; TX
Discussion

Oenothera oakesiana is a PTH species and forms a ring of 14 chromosomes or a ring of 12 and 1 bivalent in meiosis, and is self-compatible and autogamous (W. Dietrich et al. 1997). It has plastome IV and a AC genome composition.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Oenothera sessilis is relatively rare within its range and has a narrow overall distribution, occurring in Ashley, Phillips, Prairie, and St. Francis counties in Arkansas, Allen, Claiborne, and Tensas parishes in Louisiana, and Galveston County in Texas. Oenothera sessilis appears to be relatively rare and may no longer occur in Texas; it was last collected there in the 1840s by Lindheimer on Galveston Island. It is also rare in Louisiana but has been collected in recent decades. It is currently most common in Arkansas. P. A. Munz (1937, 1965) treated this taxon as O. sessilis, but G. B. Straley (1977) in his revision of sect. Kneiffia placed it as a subspecies of O. pilosella based on a common octoploid (2n = 56) chromosome number, morphology, and field studies. K. N. Krakos et al. (2014), based on new field studies, controlled greenhouse breeding experiments, and phylogenetic data found that this taxon differs morphologically from O. pilosella by having consistently shorter stature and smaller flowers, is self-compatible, and does not form a monophyletic group with O. pilosella in molecular analyses, and is here reinstated as a distinct species.

Oenothera sessilis is in the Center for Plant Conservation’s National Collection of Endangered Plants as O. pilosella subsp. sessilis.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 10. FNA vol. 10.
Parent taxa Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Onagreae > Oenothera > sect. Oenothera > subsect. Oenothera Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Onagreae > Oenothera > sect. Kneiffia
Sibling taxa
O. acutissima, O. albicaulis, O. argillicola, O. arida, O. arizonica, O. biennis, O. boquillensis, O. brachycarpa, O. calcicola, O. californica, O. canescens, O. capillifolia, O. cavernae, O. cespitosa, O. cinerea, O. clelandii, O. coloradensis, O. cordata, O. coronopifolia, O. coryi, O. curtiflora, O. curtissii, O. deltoides, O. demareei, O. dodgeniana, O. drummondii, O. elata, O. engelmannii, O. falfurriae, O. filiformis, O. filipes, O. flava, O. fruticosa, O. gaura, O. gayleana, O. glaucifolia, O. glazioviana, O. grandiflora, O. grandis, O. harringtonii, O. hartwegii, O. havardii, O. heterophylla, O. hispida, O. howardii, O. humifusa, O. jamesii, O. kunthiana, O. laciniata, O. lavandulifolia, O. lindheimeri, O. linifolia, O. longissima, O. macrocarpa, O. mckelveyae, O. mexicana, O. nealleyi, O. neomexicana, O. nutans, O. nuttallii, O. organensis, O. pallida, O. parviflora, O. patriciae, O. perennis, O. pilosella, O. platanorum, O. podocarpa, O. primiveris, O. psammophila, O. pubescens, O. rhombipetala, O. riparia, O. rosea, O. serrulata, O. sessilis, O. simulans, O. sinuosa, O. spachiana, O. speciosa, O. stricta, O. suffrutescens, O. suffulta, O. tetraptera, O. texensis, O. toumeyi, O. triangulata, O. triloba, O. tubicula, O. villosa, O. wolfii, O. xylocarpa
O. acutissima, O. albicaulis, O. argillicola, O. arida, O. arizonica, O. biennis, O. boquillensis, O. brachycarpa, O. calcicola, O. californica, O. canescens, O. capillifolia, O. cavernae, O. cespitosa, O. cinerea, O. clelandii, O. coloradensis, O. cordata, O. coronopifolia, O. coryi, O. curtiflora, O. curtissii, O. deltoides, O. demareei, O. dodgeniana, O. drummondii, O. elata, O. engelmannii, O. falfurriae, O. filiformis, O. filipes, O. flava, O. fruticosa, O. gaura, O. gayleana, O. glaucifolia, O. glazioviana, O. grandiflora, O. grandis, O. harringtonii, O. hartwegii, O. havardii, O. heterophylla, O. hispida, O. howardii, O. humifusa, O. jamesii, O. kunthiana, O. laciniata, O. lavandulifolia, O. lindheimeri, O. linifolia, O. longissima, O. macrocarpa, O. mckelveyae, O. mexicana, O. nealleyi, O. neomexicana, O. nutans, O. nuttallii, O. oakesiana, O. organensis, O. pallida, O. parviflora, O. patriciae, O. perennis, O. pilosella, O. platanorum, O. podocarpa, O. primiveris, O. psammophila, O. pubescens, O. rhombipetala, O. riparia, O. rosea, O. serrulata, O. simulans, O. sinuosa, O. spachiana, O. speciosa, O. stricta, O. suffrutescens, O. suffulta, O. tetraptera, O. texensis, O. toumeyi, O. triangulata, O. triloba, O. tubicula, O. villosa, O. wolfii, O. xylocarpa
Synonyms O. biennis var. oakesiana, O. ammophila, O. ammophiloides, O. ammophiloides var. angustifolia, O. ammophiloides var. laurensis, O. atrovirens var. ostreae, O. canovirens var. cymatilis, O. cruciata var. stenopetala, O. cymatilis, O. deflexa var. bracteata, O. disjuncta, O. eriensis, O. eriensis var. niagarensis, O. eriensis var. repandodentata, O. germanica, O. insignis, O. laevigata var. rubripunctata, O. leucophylla, O. litorea, O. magdalena, O. millersii, O. muricata var. parviflora, O. niagarensis, O. nobska, O. oakesiana var. nobska, O. oakesiana var. tidestromii, O. ostreae, O. parviflora var. oakesiana, O. perangusta, O. perangusta var. rubricalyx, O. repandodentata, O. rubescens, O. stenopetala, O. tidestromii, Onagra oakesiana Kneiffia sessilis, O. pilosella subsp. sessilis, O. pilosella var. sessilis
Name authority (A. Gray) J. W. Robbins ex S. Watson & J. M. Coulter in A. Gray et al.: Manual ed. 6, 190. (1890) (Pennell) Munz: Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 64: 291. (1937)
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