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California evening primrose

Habit Herbs perennial, spreading by rhizomes (forming colonies), strigillose, often also villous; from taproot. Herbs perennial, densely strigillose, sometimes also villous, or glabrous; from a taproot, lateral roots producing adventitious shoots, or rarely with fleshy underground horizontal rootstock (subsp. eurekensis).
Stems

ascending to decumbent, several-branched from base, usually also irregularly branched distally, sometimes with a single, unbranched stem, 20–60(–120) cm.

ascending or decumbent, usually branched from near base, sometimes new rosettes forming at branch apex when buried in drifting sand, 10–60 cm.

Leaves

in a basal rosette and cauline, 0.5–7.5(–9.5) × 0.1–2.2 cm, blade narrowly lanceolate to elliptic, margins subentire or shallowly sinuate-dentate.

in a basal rosette and cauline, rosette sometimes weakly developed or absent, at least during flowering, 1–13 × 0.5–2 cm;

petiole 0–2(–4.5) cm;

blade oblong to oblanceolate or spatulate, sometimes rhombic-ovate, margins entire or weakly to conspicuously dentate or pinnatifid.

Flowers

4-merous, zygomorphic, opening near sunset;

floral tube 4–14 mm;

sepals 7–11(–14) mm;

petals white, fading red, slightly unequal, elliptic, 6–10 mm, clawed;

filaments 4–8.5 mm, anthers 3–6 mm, pollen 90–100% fertile;

style 12–26 mm, stigma exserted beyond anthers at anthesis.

1–several opening per day near sunset;

buds nodding, weakly quadrangular, with free tips 0–0.8 mm;

floral tube 20–40 mm;

sepals 15–30 mm, not spotted;

petals white, fading pink to deep pink, broadly obcordate, 15–35(–40) mm;

filaments 10–17 mm, anthers 5–10 mm;

style 30–60 mm, stigma exserted beyond anthers at anthesis.

Capsules

erect, pyramidal in distal 1/2, conspicuously bulging at base of distal pyramidal part, strongly 4-angled, conspicuously bulging at base, abruptly constricted to terete proximal part, 7–13 × 3–5 mm;

sessile.

spreading to ascending, woody in age, often curved upward, cylindrical, obtusely 4-angled, tapering slightly from base to apex, 20–80 × 2–3.5 mm;

sessile.

Seeds

(2 or)3 or 4(–8), reddish brown, 2–2.5 × 1–1.3 mm.

numerous, in 1 row per locule, olive-brown or yellowish brown to black, sometimes with minute purple dots, obovoid, 1–2.5 mm.

2n

= 28.

Oenothera hispida

Oenothera californica

Phenology Flowering May–Jul(–Nov).
Habitat Sandy loam.
Elevation 60–1900 m. (200–6200 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AR; CA; GA; TX; c Mexico
from USDA
w United States; nw Mexico
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Oenothera hispida is native across the eastern half of Texas, south through Mexico to Oaxaca and Puebla; it is naturalized in Sevier County, Arkansas, coastal southern California, and Glynn County Georgia.

P. H. Raven and D. P. Gregory (1972[1973]) reported Oenothera hispida to be self-incompatible. It occasionally forms hybrids with O. suffrutescens.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Subspecies 3 (3 in the flora).

Most populations of Oenothera californica are self-incompatible (W. L. Wagner et al. 2007; K. E. Theiss et al. 2010), but some populations of subsp. californica are self-compatible. All chromosome counts indicate that subspp. avita and eurekensis are diploid (2n = 14) and those of subsp. californica are tetraploid (2n = 28). Oenothera californica is polymorphic with subspp. avita and californica being very similar, and differing primarily in ecology, distribution, and relatively minor differences in leaf morphology and ploidy level, while the sand dune-restricted subsp. eurekensis is more distinctive in both morphology and habitat.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Plants with fleshy underground horizontal rootstocks; stems sometimes with new rosettes forming at stem apex when becoming buried in drifting sand; leaf blades rhombic-ovate to oblanceolate, margins entire or weakly dentate.
subsp. eurekensis
1. Plants with a taproot and adventitious shoots from lateral roots; stems not with new rosettes forming at branch apex; leaf blades oblong to oblanceolate to spatulate, margins entire or weakly to conspicuously dentate or pinnatifid.
→ 2
2. Leaf blade margins usually entire or weakly dentate, sometimes more conspicuously dentate to pinnatifid; capsules 30–55 mm.
subsp. californica
2. Leaf blade margins conspicuously dentate to pinnatifid, rarely some or all of them entire or weakly dentate; capsules 20–80 mm.
subsp. avita
Source FNA vol. 10. FNA vol. 10.
Parent taxa Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Onagreae > Oenothera > sect. Gaura > subsect. Xenogaura Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Onagreae > Oenothera > sect. Anogra
Sibling taxa
O. acutissima, O. albicaulis, O. argillicola, O. arida, O. arizonica, O. biennis, O. boquillensis, O. brachycarpa, O. calcicola, O. californica, O. canescens, O. capillifolia, O. cavernae, O. cespitosa, O. cinerea, O. clelandii, O. coloradensis, O. cordata, O. coronopifolia, O. coryi, O. curtiflora, O. curtissii, O. deltoides, O. demareei, O. dodgeniana, O. drummondii, O. elata, O. engelmannii, O. falfurriae, O. filiformis, O. filipes, O. flava, O. fruticosa, O. gaura, O. gayleana, O. glaucifolia, O. glazioviana, O. grandiflora, O. grandis, O. harringtonii, O. hartwegii, O. havardii, O. heterophylla, O. howardii, O. humifusa, O. jamesii, O. kunthiana, O. laciniata, O. lavandulifolia, O. lindheimeri, O. linifolia, O. longissima, O. macrocarpa, O. mckelveyae, O. mexicana, O. nealleyi, O. neomexicana, O. nutans, O. nuttallii, O. oakesiana, O. organensis, O. pallida, O. parviflora, O. patriciae, O. perennis, O. pilosella, O. platanorum, O. podocarpa, O. primiveris, O. psammophila, O. pubescens, O. rhombipetala, O. riparia, O. rosea, O. serrulata, O. sessilis, O. simulans, O. sinuosa, O. spachiana, O. speciosa, O. stricta, O. suffrutescens, O. suffulta, O. tetraptera, O. texensis, O. toumeyi, O. triangulata, O. triloba, O. tubicula, O. villosa, O. wolfii, O. xylocarpa
O. acutissima, O. albicaulis, O. argillicola, O. arida, O. arizonica, O. biennis, O. boquillensis, O. brachycarpa, O. calcicola, O. canescens, O. capillifolia, O. cavernae, O. cespitosa, O. cinerea, O. clelandii, O. coloradensis, O. cordata, O. coronopifolia, O. coryi, O. curtiflora, O. curtissii, O. deltoides, O. demareei, O. dodgeniana, O. drummondii, O. elata, O. engelmannii, O. falfurriae, O. filiformis, O. filipes, O. flava, O. fruticosa, O. gaura, O. gayleana, O. glaucifolia, O. glazioviana, O. grandiflora, O. grandis, O. harringtonii, O. hartwegii, O. havardii, O. heterophylla, O. hispida, O. howardii, O. humifusa, O. jamesii, O. kunthiana, O. laciniata, O. lavandulifolia, O. lindheimeri, O. linifolia, O. longissima, O. macrocarpa, O. mckelveyae, O. mexicana, O. nealleyi, O. neomexicana, O. nutans, O. nuttallii, O. oakesiana, O. organensis, O. pallida, O. parviflora, O. patriciae, O. perennis, O. pilosella, O. platanorum, O. podocarpa, O. primiveris, O. psammophila, O. pubescens, O. rhombipetala, O. riparia, O. rosea, O. serrulata, O. sessilis, O. simulans, O. sinuosa, O. spachiana, O. speciosa, O. stricta, O. suffrutescens, O. suffulta, O. tetraptera, O. texensis, O. toumeyi, O. triangulata, O. triloba, O. tubicula, O. villosa, O. wolfii, O. xylocarpa
Subordinate taxa
O. californica subsp. avita, O. californica subsp. californica, O. californica subsp. eurekensis
Synonyms Gaura hispida, G. crispa, G. drummondii, G. roemeriana, O. xenogaura, Schizocarya crispa, S. drummondii O. albicaulis var. californica, Anogra californica, O. pallida var. californica
Name authority (Bentham) W. L. Wagner, Hoch & Zarucchi: PhytoKeys 50: 26. (2015) (S. Watson) S. Watson in W. H. Brewer et al.: Bot. California 1: 223. (1876)
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