Oenothera grandiflora |
Oenothera oakesiana |
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large-flower evening-primrose |
Oakes' evening-primrose |
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Habit | Herbs biennial, often appearing glabrous to naked eye, usually sparsely to moderately strigillose and villous with pustulate, translucent hairs proximal to inflorescence, pustules not red (in fresh material), inflorescence glabrous, glandular puberulent, or strigillose and glandular puberulent. | Herbs biennial, densely silky-strigillose, at least proximally, also sparsely villous with long, appressed hairs, sometimes also villous with spreading, pustulate hairs and/or glandular puberulent distally. |
Stems | erect, red on proximal parts, usually green on distal ones, rarely red throughout, unbranched or with branches obliquely arising from rosette and secondary branches arising from main stem, 100–300(–400) cm. |
erect to decumbent, green or flushed with red on proximal parts or throughout, unbranched or bushy and branched from base, with side branches arising obliquely or arcuately from rosette, 10–60 cm. |
Leaves | in a basal rosette and cauline, basal 18–32 × (2–)3–6.5 cm, cauline 6–20 × 1.5–6.5 cm; blade soft and thin, bright green, usually flat, rarely undulate, narrowly oblanceolate to narrowly obovate, or narrowly elliptic to elliptic, sometimes narrowly ovate distally, margins bluntly dentate or subentire, teeth widely spaced, sometimes sinuate-dentate proximally or lobed; bracts usually caducous. |
in a basal rosette and cauline, basal 8–30 × 0.5–3 cm, cauline 3.5–20 ×0.5–2.7 cm; blade grayish green to dull green, very narrowly oblanceolate to narrowly oblanceolate or narrowly elliptic, margins flat, subentire or remotely dentate, teeth sometimes blunt, sometimes sinuate-dentate proximally; bracts persistent. |
Inflorescences | erect, often with secondary or tertiary branches just proximal to main one. |
usually recurved with ascending tip distally, rarely suberect, unbranched. |
Flowers | opening near sunset; buds erect, 5–9 mm diam., with free tips terminal, erect, 2–9 mm; floral tube 35–55 mm; sepals yellowish green or flushed with red, 22–46 mm; petals yellow to pale yellow, fading pale yellowish white, very broadly obcordate or obovate, (25–)30–45 mm; filaments 18–27 mm, anthers 10–15 mm, pollen 90–100% fertile; style 57–90 mm, stigma exserted beyond anthers at anthesis. |
opening near sunset; buds erect, 3–5 mm diam., with free tips subterminal, spreading to erect, 2.5–4 mm; floral tube 15–40 mm; sepals green to yellow, flushed with red and dark red flecked or red-striped, 9–17 mm; petals yellow to pale yellow, fading yellowish white to pale yellowish orange, very broadly obcordate, 7–20 mm; filaments 6–15 mm, anthers 3–7 mm, pollen ca. 50% fertile; style 20–45 mm, stigma surrounded by anthers at anthesis. |
Capsules | erect or slightly spreading, dull green when dry, narrowly lanceoloid to narrowly ovoid, 15–35 × 3.5–5.5 mm, free tips of valves 0.5–2.5 mm. |
erect or slightly spreading, usually rusty brown when dry, narrowly lanceoloid to lanceoloid, 15–40 × 4–8 mm, free tips of valves 0.5 mm. |
Seeds | 1–1.7 × 0.6–1.2 mm. |
1.1–1.2 ×0.8–1 mm. |
2n | = 14. |
= 14. |
Oenothera grandiflora |
Oenothera oakesiana |
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Phenology | Flowering Jul–Aug(–Sep). | Flowering Jun–Aug. |
Habitat | Scattered, presumably relictual populations on chalky bluffs, loose sand over limestone, along streams, marshes, ditches, roadsides. | Sandy coastal meadows and dunes, gravelly or rocky sites along rivers, disturbed sites, roadsides. |
Elevation | 20–600 m. (100–2000 ft.) | 0–50(–500) m. (0–200(–1600) ft.) |
Distribution |
AL; FL; MS; NC; SC; TN |
CT; DC; DE; IL; IN; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; NH; NJ; NY; OH; PA; RI; VA; VT; WI; MB; NB; NF; NS; ON; PE; QC [Introduced in Europe, Asia]
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Discussion | Oenothera grandiflora has a scattered distribution, from the eastern half of Mississippi and Alabama, east to Tennessee (Franklin and Marion counties), North Carolina (Cherokee, Macon, Martin, Moore, New Hanover, Sampson, and Swain counties), South Carolina (Oconee, Spartanburg, and Sumter counties), and Florida (Alachua, Escambia, Franklin, Lake, Leon, Polk, Putnam, and Santa Rosa counties). Collections from southern Canada, New York, Pennsylvania, Vermont, and West Virginia almost certainly represent cultivated plants, garden escapes, or adventive populations, and the single locality from central Kentucky also may be an introduction; it is sometimes a colonizer in disturbed sites such as along roads. Oenothera grandiflora has plastome III and a BB genome composition. As summarized by W. Dietrich et al. (1997), some populations of O. grandiflora seem to be entirely or mostly composed of self-incompatible individuals, whereas others consist of self-compatible plants. This is an extremely uncommon phenomenon within a single species of Oenothera; the only other species known to exhibit mixed populations of self-incompatible and self-compatible individuals is O. primiveris. Oenothera grandiflora Lamarck 1798, being a later homonym of O. grandiflora L’Héritier 1789, pertains here. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Oenothera oakesiana is a PTH species and forms a ring of 14 chromosomes or a ring of 12 and 1 bivalent in meiosis, and is self-compatible and autogamous (W. Dietrich et al. 1997). It has plastome IV and a AC genome composition. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 10. | FNA vol. 10. |
Parent taxa | ||
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | O. biennis var. grandiflora, O. grandiflora var. glabra, O. grandiflora var. pubescens, O. lamarckiana, O. spectabilis | O. biennis var. oakesiana, O. ammophila, O. ammophiloides, O. ammophiloides var. angustifolia, O. ammophiloides var. laurensis, O. atrovirens var. ostreae, O. canovirens var. cymatilis, O. cruciata var. stenopetala, O. cymatilis, O. deflexa var. bracteata, O. disjuncta, O. eriensis, O. eriensis var. niagarensis, O. eriensis var. repandodentata, O. germanica, O. insignis, O. laevigata var. rubripunctata, O. leucophylla, O. litorea, O. magdalena, O. millersii, O. muricata var. parviflora, O. niagarensis, O. nobska, O. oakesiana var. nobska, O. oakesiana var. tidestromii, O. ostreae, O. parviflora var. oakesiana, O. perangusta, O. perangusta var. rubricalyx, O. repandodentata, O. rubescens, O. stenopetala, O. tidestromii, Onagra oakesiana |
Name authority | L’Héritier in W. Aiton: Hort. Kew. 2: 2. (1789) | (A. Gray) J. W. Robbins ex S. Watson & J. M. Coulter in A. Gray et al.: Manual ed. 6, 190. (1890) |
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