Oenothera glazioviana |
Oenothera triloba |
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garden evening-primrose, large-flower evening primrose, red-sepal evening-primrose |
stemless evening-primrose |
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Habit | Herbs biennial, densely to sparsely strigillose and villous, with spreading, red-pustulate hairs, also glandular puberulent and with only a few appressed hairs near inflorescence. | Herbs winter-annual, sometimes biennial, acaulescent or very short-caulescent, sparsely to moderately strigillose and glandular puberulent, sometimes one hair type predominant, rarely glabrate, sometimes also very sparsely hirsute, especially on leaf veins; from a slender or, sometimes, stout taproot. |
Stems | erect, green or flushed with red on proximal parts, sometimes inflorescence axis red, usually withside branches obliquely arising from rosette and secondary branches from main stem, 50–150 cm. |
(when present) ascending, 1–several, densely leafy, 0–20 cm. |
Leaves | in a basal rosette and cauline, basal 13–30 × 3–5 cm, cauline 5–15 × 2.5–4 cm; blade dark to bright green, white- or red-veined, narrowly oblanceolate to oblanceolate, sometimes narrowly elliptic to lanceolate distally, margins usually conspicuously crinkled, sometimes undulate, bluntly dentate, teeth widely spaced, sometimes sinuate-dentate proximally or lobed; bracts persistent. |
in a basal rosette, sometimes also cauline, (2.5–)6–25(–32) × (0.6–)1.5–4(–5) cm, thin; petiole (0.5–)1–8 cm; blade oblanceolate to elliptic, margins irregularly pinnatifid, sometimes subentire, apex acute to obtuse or rounded. |
Inflorescences | erect, unbranched. |
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Flowers | opening near sunset; buds erect, 7–9 mm diam., with free tips terminal, erect to spreading, 5–8 mm; floral tube 35–50 mm; sepals yellowish green, usually flushed with red or red-striped, sometimes very dark red throughout, 28–45 mm; petals yellow to pale yellow, fading yellowish white and somewhat translucent, very broadly obcordate, 35–50 mm; filaments 17–25 mm, anthers 10–12 mm, pollen ca. 50% fertile; style 50–80 mm, stigma exserted beyond anthers at anthesis. |
1–4 opening per day near sunset, without noticeable scent; buds with subequal free tips 2–7 mm; floral tube (20–)28–95(–138) mm; sepals (6–)10–30(–35) mm; petals pale yellow, fading pale orange, drying lavender, (10–)12–30(–38) mm; filaments (5–)8–15(–18) mm, anthers (3.5–)4–11 mm; style (3.4–)4.2–11.5(–16.3) mm, stigma usually surrounded by anthers, sometimes (especially in some Texas populations) exserted beyond anthers. |
Capsules | erect or slightly spreading, dull green when dry, lanceoloid, 20–35 × 5–6 mm, free tips of valves 0.8–1.5 mm. |
woody in age, rhombic-obovoid, winged, wings broadly triangular, 5–10 mm wide, often terminating in a hooked tooth, (10–)15–25(–28) × 4–8 mm (excluding wings), valve surface reticulate, dehiscent 1/8–1/3 their length. |
Seeds | 1.3–2 ×1–1.5 mm, ca. 50% abortive. |
asymmetrically cuneiform, (2.1–)2.5–3(–3.3) mm. |
2n | = 14. |
= 14. |
Oenothera glazioviana |
Oenothera triloba |
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Phenology | Flowering (Jun–)Jul–Sep(–Oct). | Flowering (Feb–)Mar–May(–Jul). |
Habitat | Open, disturbed sites. | Scattered to common in clay, sandy or rocky soil, playas, floodplains, creek beds, slopes and flats, moist sites, disturbed sites, roadsides, old fields, in Larrea deserts, prairies, glades. |
Elevation | 20–600(–1400) m. (100–2000(–4600) ft.) | 300–1900 m. (1000–6200 ft.) |
Distribution |
AL; AR; CA; CT; IL; IN; MA; ME; MI; MT; NC; NH; NJ; NY; OR; PA; RI; VT; WA; WI; WV; BC; MB; NS; ON; QC [Introduced in North America; introduced nearly worldwide in temperate and subtropical regions]
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AL; AR; CO; DC; IL; IN; KS; KY; MD; MO; NM; OH; OK; PA; TN; TX; VA; Mexico (Baja California, Chihuahua, Nuevo León)
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Discussion | Oenothera glazioviana originated by hybridization between two cultivated or naturalized species in Europe and was introduced into the horticultural trade by Carter and Company of England in 1860 (R. E. Cleland 1972; P. H. Raven et al. 1979). The oldest name applied to this entity was based on plants cultivated in Rio de Janeiro in 1868; clearly, O. glazioviana must have spread very rapidly. Oenothera glazioviana is a PTH species and forms a ring of 12 chromosomes and 1 bivalent in meiosis, and is self-compatible and autogamous (W. Dietrich et al. 1997). It has plastome II or III and a AB genome composition. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Oenotheratriloba is primarily a species of the high plains from eastern Socorro County, New Mexico, east through all but eastern Texas, Oklahoma, to southern Kansas, east of Meade and Pawnee counties and south of Douglas and Saline counties. It becomes more sporadic eastward into Missouri south of the Missouri River, northwestern and north-central Arkansas, central and eastern Tennessee, northern Alabama, and Logan and Warren counties, Kentucky; also known from disjunct sites in northern Mexico from Nuevo León, Chihuahua, and Baja California, Mexico; and, introduced in Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky (Campbell and Fayette counties), Pennsylvania, Virginia, Maryland, and the District of Columbia. Areas where it was introduced are represented by old collections; no current information indicates their continued presence in any of these areas. It was recently collected in Baca County, Colorado. Capsules of dead plants sometimes form pineconelike clusters of ten to 100 or more capsules. The illegitimate names Lavauxia nuttalliana Spach and L. triloba (Nuttall) Spach var. watsonii Britton pertain here. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 10. | FNA vol. 10. |
Parent taxa | Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Onagreae > Oenothera > sect. Oenothera > subsect. Oenothera | Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Onagreae > Oenothera > sect. Lavauxia > subsect. Lavauxia |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | O. erythrosepala, O. grandiflora subsp. erythrosepala, Onagra erythrosepala | Lavauxiahamata wooton, L. triloba, L. watsonii, O. hamata, O. rhizocarpa, O. roemeriana, O. triloba var. parviflora, O. triloba |
Name authority | Micheli in C. F. P. von Martius et al.: Fl. Brasil. 13(2): 178. (1875) | Nuttall: J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 2: 118. (1821) |
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