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false gaura

garden evening-primrose, large-flower evening primrose, red-sepal evening-primrose

Habit Herbs probably biennial, glabrous, becoming sparsely to densely glandular puberulent and short-villous distally, glaucous at least in proximal parts; from stout roots. Herbs biennial, densely to sparsely strigillose and villous, with spreading, red-pustulate hairs, also glandular puberulent and with only a few appressed hairs near inflorescence.
Stems

erect, branched or unbranched, 30–300 cm.

erect, green or flushed with red on proximal parts, sometimes inflorescence axis red, usually withside branches obliquely arising from rosette and secondary branches from main stem, 50–150 cm.

Leaves

in a basal rosette and cauline, basal 3–7 × 0.5–2 cm, sessile, blade oblong to oblong-lanceolate, base usually ± auriculate, margins entire;

cauline 3–8(–10) × 0.4–1.8 cm, blade lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, gradually smaller, becoming linear-subulate distally.

in a basal rosette and cauline, basal 13–30 × 3–5 cm, cauline 5–15 × 2.5–4 cm;

blade dark to bright green, white- or red-veined, narrowly oblanceolate to oblanceolate, sometimes narrowly elliptic to lanceolate distally, margins usually conspicuously crinkled, sometimes undulate, bluntly dentate, teeth widely spaced, sometimes sinuate-dentate proximally or lobed;

bracts persistent.

Inflorescences

long, wandlike, unbranched or branched.

erect, unbranched.

Flowers

4-merous, nearly actinomorphic, opening near sunrise;

floral tube 6–17 mm;

sepals 4–6 mm;

petals white, fading off-white or tinged pink, slightly unequal, rhombic, 4–6 mm, abruptly clawed;

filaments 5–8 mm, anthers 1.5–2 mm, pollen 85–100% fertile;

style 6–10, stigma exserted beyond anthers at anthesis.

opening near sunset;

buds erect, 7–9 mm diam., with free tips terminal, erect to spreading, 5–8 mm;

floral tube 35–50 mm;

sepals yellowish green, usually flushed with red or red-striped, sometimes very dark red throughout, 28–45 mm;

petals yellow to pale yellow, fading yellowish white and somewhat translucent, very broadly obcordate, 35–50 mm;

filaments 17–25 mm, anthers 10–12 mm, pollen ca. 50% fertile;

style 50–80 mm, stigma exserted beyond anthers at anthesis.

Capsules

ovoid, 4-angled, somewhat flattened, 3–4 × 1.5–2.3 mm, valves with raised midrib and conspicuous lateral veins;

sessile.

erect or slightly spreading, dull green when dry, lanceoloid, 20–35 × 5–6 mm, free tips of valves 0.8–1.5 mm.

Seeds

1, pale yellow, oblanceoloid, 2.4–2.6 × 1–1.5 mm.

1.3–2 ×1–1.5 mm, ca. 50% abortive.

2n

= 14.

= 14.

Oenothera glaucifolia

Oenothera glazioviana

Phenology Flowering May–Oct(–Nov). Flowering (Jun–)Jul–Sep(–Oct).
Habitat Rocky prairie slopes and outcrops or bluffs, along streams, roadsides, usuallyon limestone. Open, disturbed sites.
Elevation 200–1300 m. (700–4300 ft.) 20–600(–1400) m. (100–2000(–4600) ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AR; CO; KS; MO; NE; NM; OK; TX; WY
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AL; AR; CA; CT; IL; IN; MA; ME; MI; MT; NC; NH; NJ; NY; OR; PA; RI; VT; WA; WI; WV; BC; MB; NS; ON; QC [Introduced in North America; introduced nearly worldwide in temperate and subtropical regions]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Oenothera glaucifolia is self-incompatible, the flowers diurnal, pollinated primarily by wasps (R. Clinebell, unpubl.), as well as bees, flies, butterflies, and occasionally beetles (summarized by W. L. Wagner et al. 2007). It was collected once in 1988 in Indiana at Miller Woods Visitor Center (Lake County), Dritz 596 (MOR); it seems likely that it was introduced, and has not been collected there since.

Stenosiphon virgatus Spach is a superfluous name and pertains here.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Oenothera glazioviana originated by hybridization between two cultivated or naturalized species in Europe and was introduced into the horticultural trade by Carter and Company of England in 1860 (R. E. Cleland 1972; P. H. Raven et al. 1979). The oldest name applied to this entity was based on plants cultivated in Rio de Janeiro in 1868; clearly, O. glazioviana must have spread very rapidly.

Oenothera glazioviana is a PTH species and forms a ring of 12 chromosomes and 1 bivalent in meiosis, and is self-compatible and autogamous (W. Dietrich et al. 1997). It has plastome II or III and a AB genome composition.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 10. FNA vol. 10.
Parent taxa Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Onagreae > Oenothera > sect. Gaura > subsect. Stenosiphon Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Onagreae > Oenothera > sect. Oenothera > subsect. Oenothera
Sibling taxa
O. acutissima, O. albicaulis, O. argillicola, O. arida, O. arizonica, O. biennis, O. boquillensis, O. brachycarpa, O. calcicola, O. californica, O. canescens, O. capillifolia, O. cavernae, O. cespitosa, O. cinerea, O. clelandii, O. coloradensis, O. cordata, O. coronopifolia, O. coryi, O. curtiflora, O. curtissii, O. deltoides, O. demareei, O. dodgeniana, O. drummondii, O. elata, O. engelmannii, O. falfurriae, O. filiformis, O. filipes, O. flava, O. fruticosa, O. gaura, O. gayleana, O. glazioviana, O. grandiflora, O. grandis, O. harringtonii, O. hartwegii, O. havardii, O. heterophylla, O. hispida, O. howardii, O. humifusa, O. jamesii, O. kunthiana, O. laciniata, O. lavandulifolia, O. lindheimeri, O. linifolia, O. longissima, O. macrocarpa, O. mckelveyae, O. mexicana, O. nealleyi, O. neomexicana, O. nutans, O. nuttallii, O. oakesiana, O. organensis, O. pallida, O. parviflora, O. patriciae, O. perennis, O. pilosella, O. platanorum, O. podocarpa, O. primiveris, O. psammophila, O. pubescens, O. rhombipetala, O. riparia, O. rosea, O. serrulata, O. sessilis, O. simulans, O. sinuosa, O. spachiana, O. speciosa, O. stricta, O. suffrutescens, O. suffulta, O. tetraptera, O. texensis, O. toumeyi, O. triangulata, O. triloba, O. tubicula, O. villosa, O. wolfii, O. xylocarpa
O. acutissima, O. albicaulis, O. argillicola, O. arida, O. arizonica, O. biennis, O. boquillensis, O. brachycarpa, O. calcicola, O. californica, O. canescens, O. capillifolia, O. cavernae, O. cespitosa, O. cinerea, O. clelandii, O. coloradensis, O. cordata, O. coronopifolia, O. coryi, O. curtiflora, O. curtissii, O. deltoides, O. demareei, O. dodgeniana, O. drummondii, O. elata, O. engelmannii, O. falfurriae, O. filiformis, O. filipes, O. flava, O. fruticosa, O. gaura, O. gayleana, O. glaucifolia, O. grandiflora, O. grandis, O. harringtonii, O. hartwegii, O. havardii, O. heterophylla, O. hispida, O. howardii, O. humifusa, O. jamesii, O. kunthiana, O. laciniata, O. lavandulifolia, O. lindheimeri, O. linifolia, O. longissima, O. macrocarpa, O. mckelveyae, O. mexicana, O. nealleyi, O. neomexicana, O. nutans, O. nuttallii, O. oakesiana, O. organensis, O. pallida, O. parviflora, O. patriciae, O. perennis, O. pilosella, O. platanorum, O. podocarpa, O. primiveris, O. psammophila, O. pubescens, O. rhombipetala, O. riparia, O. rosea, O. serrulata, O. sessilis, O. simulans, O. sinuosa, O. spachiana, O. speciosa, O. stricta, O. suffrutescens, O. suffulta, O. tetraptera, O. texensis, O. toumeyi, O. triangulata, O. triloba, O. tubicula, O. villosa, O. wolfii, O. xylocarpa
Synonyms Gaura linifolia, Stenosiphon linifolius O. erythrosepala, O. grandiflora subsp. erythrosepala, Onagra erythrosepala
Name authority W. L. Wagner & Hoch: Syst. Bot. Monogr. 83: 212. (2007) Micheli in C. F. P. von Martius et al.: Fl. Brasil. 13(2): 178. (1875)
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