Oenothera flava |
Oenothera nutans |
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long-tubed evening primrose, yellow evening primrose |
nodding evening-primrose |
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Habit | Herbs perennial, rarely short-lived, acaulescent or very short-caulescent, glabrate to moderately strigillose, usually also glandular puberulent, sometimes sparsely hirsute distally; from a taproot. | Herbs biennial, often appearing glabrous to naked eye, usually strigillose and sparsely to moderately villous proximal to inflorescence, hairs translucent and with or without pustules, pustules not red (in fresh material), inflorescence glabrous, glandular puberulent, or strigillose and glandular puberulent. |
Stems | (when present) ascending, 1–several, usually densely leafy, 0–2 cm. |
erect, red on proximal parts, green on distal ones, rarely red throughout, unbranched or with branches obliquely arising from rosette and secondary branches arising from main stem, 30–200 cm. |
Leaves | primarily in a basal rosette, (3.4–)6–30(–36) × (0.5–)1.5–5(–7) cm, flexible, sometimes ± fleshy; petiole (0.2–)2–7(–10) cm; blade oblanceolate to linear, margins usually irregularly and coarsely pinnately lobed, rarely subentire, apex acute. |
in a basal rosette and cauline, basal 10–32 × 3–7 cm, cauline 6–20 × 2–8 cm; blade green to pale green, narrowly oblanceolate to narrowly obovate, or narrowly elliptic, sometimes lanceolate distally, margins usually flat, rarely undulate, bluntly dentate, teeth widely spaced, sometimes sinuate-dentate proximally; bracts caducous. |
Inflorescences | erect, unbranched or with secondary branches just proximal to main one. |
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Flowers | 1–4 opening per day near sunset; buds with free tips (1–)2–10(–12) mm; floral tube (24–)40–200(–265) mm; sepals (8–)11–40(–42) mm; petals bright yellow, sometimes paler (in smaller-flowered plants), fading pale orange, drying purple, (7–)10–45(–50) mm; filaments (5–)8–23(–26) mm, anthers (2–)3–13(–16) mm; style (40–)50–250(–290) mm, stigma exserted beyond or surrounded by ring of anthers. |
opening near sunset; buds erect, 4–6 mm diam., with free tips terminal, erect, 1.5–6 mm; floral tube 30–43 mm; sepals yellowish green or flushed with red, 10–23 mm; petals yellow to pale yellow, fading pale yellowish white, very broadly obcordate, 14–25(–30) mm; filaments 10–25 mm, anthers 4–10 mm, pollen ca. 50% fertile; style 35–63 mm, stigma surrounded by anthers at anthesis. |
Capsules | leathery in age, surface usually conspicuously reticulate, usually narrowly ovoid or ellipsoid, sometimes ovoid or lanceoloid, winged, wings narrowly oblong, (2–)3–5(–6) mm wide, confined to distal 2/3 of capsule, (10–)20–35(–43) × 4–8 mm (excluding wings), gradually constricted to a short beak, dehiscent 1/4–1/2 their length, valve surface usually conspicuously reticulate; sessile. |
erect or slightly spreading, dull green when dry, narrowly lanceoloid to narrowly ovoid, 12–36 × 3–6 mm, free tips of valves 1–1.5 mm. |
Seeds | asymmetrically cuneiform, 1.8–2.2(–2.6) mm.2n = 14. |
1–1.9 × 0.6–0.9 mm. |
2n | = 14. |
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Oenothera flava |
Oenothera nutans |
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Phenology | Flowering Mar–Aug(–Oct). | Flowering Jun–Aug(–Sep). |
Habitat | Local and colonial, sometimes abundant in wet (at least seasonally moist) clay to gravelly sand of swales, desiccating flats and ponds, montane meadows, margins of permanent or seasonal watercourses, open sites. | Open, often disturbed sites, stream beds, flood plains, slopes, margins of mixed deciduous forests, roadsides, old fields. |
Elevation | 300–3200 m. (1000–10500 ft.) | (200–)400–1700 m. ((700–)1300–5600 ft.) |
Distribution |
AZ; CA; CO; ID; MT; ND; NE; NM; NV; OR; SD; UT; WA; WY; AB; MB; SK; Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Sonora)
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AL; AR; CT; DE; FL; GA; IN; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MO; NC; NH; NJ; NY; OH; PA; SC; TN; VA; VT; WV; ON |
Discussion | Petals in Oenothera flava typically range from 7–32 mm with floral tubes 24–100 mm; however, plants from three disjunct areas: the Mogollon Plateau in Arizona to Catron County, New Mexico; Sacramento Mountains and Sierra Blanca, Lincoln and Otero counties, New Mexico; and the Sierra Madre Occidental from northern Chihuahua south to Durango, have much larger petals (30–55 mm) and longer floral tubes (80–265 mm). They were originally recognized as a distinct species or most recently as a subspecies (O. flava subsp. taraxacoides), but detailed study of the variation pattern suggests that the larger flowers occur in areas of high hawkmoth species diversity and higher rates of outcrossing, similar to the pattern discussed in detail by D. P. Gregory (1963, 1964). R. A. Raguso et al. (2007) and H. E. Summers et al. (2015) came to the same conclusion in an independent study of floral biology of sect. Lavauxia. Because populations from the three disjunct areas appear to have diverged independently from lower-elevation source populations, it seems best to treat the complex as one variable species without any formal subdivision. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Oenothera nutans is a PTH species and forms a ring of 14 chromosomes or a ring of 12 and 1 bivalent in meiosis, and is self-compatible and autogamous (W. Dietrich et al. 1997). It has plastome III and a BB genome composition. The disjunct occurrences of O. nutans in Arkansas and Missouri probably represent unintentional introductions by humans. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 10. | FNA vol. 10. |
Parent taxa | ||
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Lavauxiaflava a., L. palustris, L. taraxacoides, O. flava subsp. taraxacoides, O. murdockii, O. taraxacoides, O. triloba var. ecristata | O. austromontana, O. biennis subsp. austromontana, O. biennis var. austromontana, O. biennis var. nutans |
Name authority | (A. Nelson) Garrett: Spring Fl. Wasatch ed. 4, 106. (1927) | G. F. Atkinson & Bartlett: Rhodora 15: 83. (1913) |
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