Oenothera filiformis
Oenothera grandiflora
bee-blossom, longflower beeblossom
large-flower evening-primrose
usually well-branched distal to base, (50–)100–400 cm.
erect, red on proximal parts, usually green on distal ones, rarely red throughout, unbranched or with branches obliquely arising from rosette and secondary branches arising from main stem, 100–300(–400) cm.
in a basal rosette and cauline, basal 8–15(–40) × 1.5–3.6 cm, blade lyrate, margins irregularly toothed to lobed;
cauline 1.5–13 × 0.5–3 cm, blade narrowly elliptic to elliptic or lanceolate, margins subentire or shallowly undulate-denticulate.
in a basal rosette and cauline, basal 18–32 × (2–)3–6.5 cm, cauline 6–20 × 1.5–6.5 cm;
blade soft and thin, bright green, usually flat, rarely undulate, narrowly oblanceolate to narrowly obovate, or narrowly elliptic to elliptic, sometimes narrowly ovate distally, margins bluntly dentate or subentire, teeth widely spaced, sometimes sinuate-dentate proximally or lobed;
bracts usually caducous.
erect, often with secondary or tertiary branches just proximal to main one.
4-merous, zygomorphic, opening at sunset;
floral tube 4–13(–15) mm;
sepals 7–18 mm;
petals white, fading pink, elliptic to elliptic-obovate, 7–15 mm;
filaments 5–13 mm, anthers 1.5–5 mm, pollen 90–100% fertile;
style 12–34 mm, stigma exserted beyond anthers at anthesis.
opening near sunset;
buds erect, 5–9 mm diam., with free tips terminal, erect, 2–9 mm;
floral tube 35–55 mm;
sepals yellowish green or flushed with red, 22–46 mm;
petals yellow to pale yellow, fading pale yellowish white, very broadly obcordate or obovate, (25–)30–45 mm;
filaments 18–27 mm, anthers 10–15 mm, pollen 90–100% fertile;
style 57–90 mm, stigma exserted beyond anthers at anthesis.
ellipsoid or ovoid, sharply 4-angled, 4.5–7 × 1.5–2.5 mm;
sessile.
erect or slightly spreading, dull green when dry, narrowly lanceoloid to narrowly ovoid, 15–35 × 3.5–5.5 mm, free tips of valves 0.5–2.5 mm.
2–4, yellowish to reddish brown, 1.3–3 × 0.7–1.3 mm.
1–1.7 × 0.6–1.2 mm.
= 14.
= 14.
Oenothera filiformis
Oenothera grandiflora
P. H. Raven and D. P. Gregory (1972[1973]) found various levels of hybridization and intergradation between Oenothera filiformis and O. lindheimeri to occur where their ranges overlap. In the region of geographical overlap, most populations of O. filiformis are strigillose in the inflorescences and have evening-opening flowers, while O. lindheimeri is villous in the inflorescences, and has large morning-opening flowers. Moreover, O. lindheimeri occurs only on black clay prairie soil, while O. filiformis occurs in light, sandy soil, as it does throughout its range, and in more disturbed areas. Despite these differences, Raven and Gregory found hybridization between these species scattered across an area from eastern Texas across Louisiana to Alabama. At some locations there is apparently no hybridization, while at others hybrids were uncommon to relatively common. Intermediate morning-blooming plants in Alabama appear to represent evidence of past hybridization since O. lindheimeri does not occur there. Many of the individuals they tested had somewhat reduced pollen fertility (40–70% fertile). They suspected that habitat disturbance was primarily responsible in many cases, but they also detected what may have been intergradation resulting from past hybridization outside of the current distribution of O. lindheimeri. Many of these individual cases deserve further investigation to better understand the dynamics of the interactions between these species and if any of the interactions have led to stabilization of novel populations that might be recognized taxonomically.
Very few collections have been made from areas on the periphery of the range of Oenothera filiformis (southern Ontario, Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania), and populations in these areas probably represent recent human-based introductions. P. H. Raven and D. P. Gregory (1972[1973]) determined O. filiformis to be self-incompatible.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Oenothera grandiflora has a scattered distribution, from the eastern half of Mississippi and Alabama, east to Tennessee (Franklin and Marion counties), North Carolina (Cherokee, Macon, Martin, Moore, New Hanover, Sampson, and Swain counties), South Carolina (Oconee, Spartanburg, and Sumter counties), and Florida (Alachua, Escambia, Franklin, Lake, Leon, Polk, Putnam, and Santa Rosa counties). Collections from southern Canada, New York, Pennsylvania, Vermont, and West Virginia almost certainly represent cultivated plants, garden escapes, or adventive populations, and the single locality from central Kentucky also may be an introduction; it is sometimes a colonizer in disturbed sites such as along roads.
Oenothera grandiflora has plastome III and a BB genome composition. As summarized by W. Dietrich et al. (1997), some populations of O. grandiflora seem to be entirely or mostly composed of self-incompatible individuals, whereas others consist of self-compatible plants. This is an extremely uncommon phenomenon within a single species of Oenothera; the only other species known to exhibit mixed populations of self-incompatible and self-compatible individuals is O. primiveris.
Oenothera grandiflora Lamarck 1798, being a later homonym of O. grandiflora L’Héritier 1789, pertains here.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
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