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evening primrose

Habit Herbs strigillose, usually also villous, with appressed or spreading hairs, sometimes these with red-pustulate bases, distally sometimes also glandular puberulent. Herbs annual, biennial, or perennial, caulescent; from a usually large taproot, sometimes developing adventitious shoots from lateral roots producing a fibrous root system.
Stems

erect to ascending or decumbent, branched or unbranched.

Leaves

in a basal rosette and cauline, cauline (1–)3–25 cm;

blade margins pinnately lobed to sinuate-dentate, serrate to dentate or subentire.

Inflorescences

solitary flowers in axils of distal leaves, usually forming a dense or lax spike.

Flowers

buds green to yellowish green, red-striped, or sometimes red throughout, with free tips 2–7 mm;

petals 30–47(–55) mm;

anthers 8–15(–22) mm.

opening near sunset, with a sweet scent or nearly unscented;

buds erect or recurved, terete or weakly quadrangular, with free tips;

floral tube 12–165(–190) mm;

sepals separating in pairs and reflexed, or splitting along only 1 suture and reflexed to one side as a unit, or separate and reflexed individually;

petals yellow, usually fading orange, reddish orange, yellow, or yellowish white, usually obcordate to obovate, sometimes rhombic, elliptic, or rhombic-ovate;

stigma deeply divided into 4 linear lobes.

Capsules

straight, curved, or somewhat sigmoid, becoming somewhat woody in age, cylindrical to narrowly lanceoloid or ovoid, terete to weakly 4-angled dehiscent nearly throughout their length;

sessile.

Seeds

numerous, in (1 or) 2 rows per locule, prismatic and angled, narrowly to broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, rarely obovoid and obtusely angled, surface reticulate and regularly or irregularly pitted, rarely flat.

2n

= 14.

= 14.

Oenothera elata subsp. hirsutissima

Oenothera sect. Oenothera

Phenology Flowering (Apr–)Jul–Sep(–Oct).
Habitat Montane sites along streams, mesic meadows, roadsides, near permanent or seasonally wet sites, ditch banks, riverbanks, flood plains, fallow agricultural land.
Elevation 10–3000 m. (0–9800 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AZ; CA; CO; ID; KS; NM; NV; OK; OR; TX; UT; WA; Mexico (n Baja California, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Sinaloa, Sonora)
[BONAP county map]
North America; Mexico; Central America; South America; West Indies (Cuba); Bermuda [Introduced widely in temperate areas of the world]
Discussion

Subspecies hirsutissima occurs throughout much of the western United States, but with only scattered populations in Oklahoma (Custer, Logan, and McCurtain counties) and in eastern Texas (Anderson, Brazos, and Leon counties) and western Texas (Brewster, Culberson, Jeff Davis, and Presidio counties).

Onagra spectabilis Spach is an illegitimate name as is Oenothera corymbosa Sims 1818, not Lamarck 1798, and both pertain here.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Species 68 (26 in the flora).

Section Oenothera is the largest section in the genus, consisting of 68 species (79 taxa) divided into six subsections, one of which is further divided into three series. Section Oenothera has a wide geographic distribution from Canada south to Panama and throughout temperate South America, essentially encompassing the full natural distribution of the genus, although there is very sparse representation (only O. elata) from central Mexico south to Panama. Species of this section occur in a variety of habitats, often disturbed ones, from sea level to 5000 m. Most of the species are self-compatible, but with a few self-incompatible taxa and individual populations of others (W. Dietrich et al. 1997; W. L. Wagner et al. 2007). The flowers are vespertine, fading the following morning, and are pollinated by hawkmoths (in O. versicolor Lehmann perhaps by hummingbirds), or autogamous. In sect. Oenothera, as in several other sections of the genus, the diploid, bivalent-forming, usually outcrossing, species often have relatively narrow geographic and ecological ranges, whereas closely related PTH species derived from them are usually autogamous and have much wider ranges. There are 37 PTH species in sect. Oenothera, which includes the majority of species of angiosperms with this anomalous genetic system.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Floral tubes 100–165(–190) mm; herbs perennial 17p.
O. subsect. Emersonia
1. Floral tubes (5–)12–50(–160) mm; herbs annual, biennial, or short-lived perennial.
→ 2
2. Seeds prismatic and angled, surface irregularly pitted 17p.
O. subsect. Oenothera
2. Seeds ellipsoid to subglobose, not angled, surface regularly pitted.
→ 3
3. Young flower buds nodding by recurved floral tube 17p.
O. subsect. Nutantigemma
3. Young flower buds with floral tube curved upward or straight.
→ 4
4. Petals rhombic to elliptic or rhombic-ovate 17p.
O. subsect. Candela
4. Petals shallowly or deeply obcordate.
→ 5
5. Young flower buds with floral tube curved upward 17p.
O. subsect. Raimannia
5. Young flower buds with floral tube straight 17p.
O. subsect. Munzia
Source FNA vol. 10. FNA vol. 10.
Parent taxa Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Onagreae > Oenothera > sect. Oenothera > subsect. Oenothera > Oenothera elata Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Onagreae > Oenothera
Sibling taxa
O. elata subsp. hookeri
Subordinate taxa
O. subsect. Candela, O. subsect. Emersonia, O. subsect. Munzia, O. subsect. Nutantigemma, O. subsect. Oenothera, O. subsect. Raimannia
Synonyms O. biennis var. hirsutissima, O. elata var. hirsutissima, O. elata subsp. texensis, O. grisea, O. hewettii, O. hirsutissima, O. hookeri subsp. angustifolia, O. hookeri var. angustifolia, O. hookeri subsp. grisea, O. hookeri var. grisea, O. hookeri subsp. hewettii, O. hookeri var. hewettii, O. hookeri subsp. hirsutissima, O. hookeri var. hirsutissima, O. hookeri var. irrigua, O. hookeri subsp. ornata, O. hookeri var. ornata, O. hookeri var. semiglabra, O. hookeri var. simsiana, O. hookeri subsp. venusta, O. hookeri var. venusta, O. irrigua, O. jepsonii, O. macbrideae, O. ornata, O. simsiana, O. venusta, O. venusta var. grisea, Onagra macbrideae, O. ornata
Name authority (A. Gray ex S. Watson) W. Dietrich: Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 70: 195. (1983) unknown
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