Oenothera cordata |
Oenothera californica |
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heartleaf evening primrose |
California evening primrose |
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Habit | Herbs annual or biennial, densely to sparsely strigillose, glandular puberulent or sometimes also sparsely villous distally. | Herbs perennial, densely strigillose, sometimes also villous, or glabrous; from a taproot, lateral roots producing adventitious shoots, or rarely with fleshy underground horizontal rootstock (subsp. eurekensis). | ||||||||
Stems | unbranched or branched primarily distally, 25–70 cm. |
ascending or decumbent, usually branched from near base, sometimes new rosettes forming at branch apex when buried in drifting sand, 10–60 cm. |
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Leaves | in a basal rosette and cauline, basal 6–12 × 0.7–2 cm, cauline 2–10 ×0.5–3 cm; subsessile; blade narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate, gradually narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate, elliptic, or ovate distally, margins lobed to remotely dentate or subentire; bracts shorter than capsule they subtend, 0.5–1.7 cm. |
in a basal rosette and cauline, rosette sometimes weakly developed or absent, at least during flowering, 1–13 × 0.5–2 cm; petiole 0–2(–4.5) cm; blade oblong to oblanceolate or spatulate, sometimes rhombic-ovate, margins entire or weakly to conspicuously dentate or pinnatifid. |
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Inflorescences | open, lax, usually unbranched, mature buds usually overtopping spike apex. |
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Flowers | 1–few per spike opening per day near sunset; buds erect, with free tips erect, 1–3 mm; floral tube nearly straight, 20–40 mm; sepals 15–25 mm; petals yellow, broadly elliptic to rhombic-ovate, 20–30 mm; filaments 17–22 mm, anthers 4–7 mm, pollen 85–100% fertile; style 50–65 mm, stigma usually exserted beyond anthers at anthesis. |
1–several opening per day near sunset; buds nodding, weakly quadrangular, with free tips 0–0.8 mm; floral tube 20–40 mm; sepals 15–30 mm, not spotted; petals white, fading pink to deep pink, broadly obcordate, 15–35(–40) mm; filaments 10–17 mm, anthers 5–10 mm; style 30–60 mm, stigma exserted beyond anthers at anthesis. |
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Capsules | narrowly lanceoloid, 15–33 × 2–3 mm. |
spreading to ascending, woody in age, often curved upward, cylindrical, obtusely 4-angled, tapering slightly from base to apex, 20–80 × 2–3.5 mm; sessile. |
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Seeds | dark brown, ellipsoid, 1–1.4 ×0.4–0.6 mm. |
numerous, in 1 row per locule, olive-brown or yellowish brown to black, sometimes with minute purple dots, obovoid, 1–2.5 mm. |
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2n | = 14. |
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Oenothera cordata |
Oenothera californica |
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Phenology | Flowering Apr–Jul. | |||||||||
Habitat | Sandy, open places in oak woodlands. | |||||||||
Elevation | 30–200 m. (100–700 ft.) | |||||||||
Distribution |
TX |
w United States; nw Mexico
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Discussion | Oenothera cordata is self-incompatible. It occurs in a narrow range in eastern Texas (Austin, Bastrop, Colorado, Fayette, Guadalupe, Goliad, Matagorda, San Patricio, Victoria, Waller, and Wilson). It apparently occasionally hybridizes with O. heterophylla subsp. heterophylla where their ranges come together. Oenothera bifrons D. Don 1838 (not Lindley 1831) pertains here. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Subspecies 3 (3 in the flora). Most populations of Oenothera californica are self-incompatible (W. L. Wagner et al. 2007; K. E. Theiss et al. 2010), but some populations of subsp. californica are self-compatible. All chromosome counts indicate that subspp. avita and eurekensis are diploid (2n = 14) and those of subsp. californica are tetraploid (2n = 28). Oenothera californica is polymorphic with subspp. avita and californica being very similar, and differing primarily in ecology, distribution, and relatively minor differences in leaf morphology and ploidy level, while the sand dune-restricted subsp. eurekensis is more distinctive in both morphology and habitat. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 10. | FNA vol. 10. | ||||||||
Parent taxa | ||||||||||
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Synonyms | O. albicaulis var. californica, Anogra californica, O. pallida var. californica | |||||||||
Name authority | J. W. Loudon: Ladies’ Flower-gard. Ornam. Perenn. 1: 167. (1843) | (S. Watson) S. Watson in W. H. Brewer et al.: Bot. California 1: 223. (1876) | ||||||||
Web links |