Oenothera coloradensis |
Oenothera xylocarpa |
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Colorado beeblossom |
wood fruit evening primrose, woodyfruit evening primrose |
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Habit | Herbs monocarpic perennial, strigillose proximally, short-hirtellous and strigillose distally, leaves sometimes glabrate; from stout, fleshy taproot. | Herbs perennial, acaulescent, densely short-hirsute, also sometimes sparsely long-hirsute distally; from a thick, fleshy taproot. |
Stems | 1–few-branched from base, 50–80(–100) cm. |
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Leaves | in a basal rosette and cauline, basal 4–18 × 1.5–4 cm, blade very narrowly elliptic, lanceolate, or oblanceolate; cauline 5–13 × 1–4 cm, blade narrowly elliptic, narrowly lanceolate, or narrowly oblanceolate, margins subentire or repand-denticulate. |
in a basal rosette, 2.6–4.2(–6.2) × 1.4–4.2 cm; petiole 2.5–9(–11.5) cm; blade usually oblanceolate to obovate, sometimes suborbiculate, margins dentate, pinnately lobed, lateral lobes oblong to lanceolate, often absent or reduced to only a few lobes toward terminal lobe, base rounded to cordate. |
Flowers | 4-merous, zygomorphic, opening at sunset; floral tube 8–12 mm; sepals 9.5–13 mm; petals white, fading pink, rhombic-obovate, 7–12 mm; filaments 6.5–9 mm, anthers 2.5–4 mm, pollen 90–100% fertile; style 19–25 mm, stigma exserted beyond anthers at anthesis. |
usually 1–3, rarely more, opening per day near sunset; buds erect, quadrangular, without free tips; floral tube 27–45(–55) mm; sepals 25–30 mm; petals intensely yellow, fading deep salmon red, obcordate, 25–38 mm; filaments 17–23 mm, anthers 7–10 mm; style 44–65(–80) mm, stigma somewhat exserted beyond anthers at anthesis. |
Capsules | ellipsoid or ovoid, sharply 4-angled, with fairly deep furrows alternating with angles, 6–8.5 × 2–3 mm; sessile. |
moderately thin and flexible, lanceoloid, falcate or sigmoid, often contorted and twisted, 4-angled, 35–90 × 7–11 mm, gradually tapering to a long, slender, sterile apex, 10–30(–40) mm, valves conspicuously wrinkled, dehiscent 2/3–3/4 their length; sessile. |
Seeds | 1–4, yellowish to light brown, 2–3 × 1 mm. |
numerous, in 1 row per locule, often forming 2 rows near base of capsule, obovoid, 2.4–3.2 × 1.3–1.7 mm, surface coarsely rugose. |
2n | = 14. |
= 14. |
Oenothera coloradensis |
Oenothera xylocarpa |
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Phenology | Flowering Jul–Sep. | Flowering Jun–Jul(–Aug). |
Habitat | In wet meadow vegetation of North and South Platte River watersheds on high plains, sloping floodplains, drainage basins in heavy soil. | Open meadows, flats or slopes on loose granitic gravel, sand, or pumice in Pinus jeffreyi forests with Artemisia tridentata, or in Pinus contorta subsp. murrayana and Abies magnifica forests. |
Elevation | 1500–2000 m. (4900–6600 ft.) | 2200–3100 m. (7200–10200 ft.) |
Distribution |
CO; NE; WY |
CA; NV |
Discussion | Oenothera coloradensis is currently known from fewer than two dozen populations from southern Laramie and Platte counties in Wyoming, northern Weld County, Colorado, formerly near Fort Collins, Larimer County, Colorado, and in western Kimball County, Nebraska. It is federally listed as a threatened species in the United States. The primary threats are agricultural use of habitat, herbicide spraying to control weed species, and livestock trampling and grazing (see W. L. Wagner et al. 2013). Recent study by K. N. Krakos (unpubl.) has determined this species to be self-compatible. P. H. Raven and D. P. Gregory (1972[1973]) described this species as glandular puberulent in inflorescence, which was repeated in the recent revised taxonomy (Wagner et al.); however, examination of specimens show that P. A. Munz (1965) was correct in describing the pubescence of the inflorescence as non-glandular. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Oenothera xylocarpa is known from three disjunct areas in California and adjacent Nevada: Mount Rose, Washoe County, Nevada; southern Sierra Nevada, southwestern Mono County, California, from the vicinity of Crestview south to Casa Diablo; and the area in the southern Sierra Nevada bounded by Horseshoe and Big Whitney meadows to the east and north, and Casa Vieja and Volcano Meadows to the south and west, west-central Inyo and eastern Tulare counties, California. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 10. | FNA vol. 10. |
Parent taxa | ||
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Gaura coloradensis, G. neomexicana subsp. coloradensis, G. neomexicana var. coloradensis | Anogra xylocarpa |
Name authority | (Rydberg) W. L. Wagner & Hoch: Syst. Bot. Monogr. 83: 211. (2007) | Coville: Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 4: 105, plate 8. (1893) |
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