Oenothera capillifolia |
Oenothera grandiflora |
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large-flower evening-primrose |
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Habit | Herbs perennial (short-lived or, sometimes, suffrutescent) or annual, glabrous or strigillose; from a stout taproot. | Herbs biennial, often appearing glabrous to naked eye, usually sparsely to moderately strigillose and villous with pustulate, translucent hairs proximal to inflorescence, pustules not red (in fresh material), inflorescence glabrous, glandular puberulent, or strigillose and glandular puberulent. | ||||
Stems | 1–many, weakly decumbent to ascending or erect, unbranched to moderately branched, (10–)25–80 cm. |
erect, red on proximal parts, usually green on distal ones, rarely red throughout, unbranched or with branches obliquely arising from rosette and secondary branches arising from main stem, 100–300(–400) cm. |
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Leaves | 1–9 × (0.1–)0.3–1 cm, sometimes fascicles of small leaves to 2 cm present in non-flowering axils; petiole 0–0.6 cm; blade linear to narrowly lanceolate or oblanceolate, often folded lengthwise, usually not much reduced distally, proximalmost leaves sometimes spatulate, base attenuate, margins subentire or serrulate or spinulose-serrate, apex acute. |
in a basal rosette and cauline, basal 18–32 × (2–)3–6.5 cm, cauline 6–20 × 1.5–6.5 cm; blade soft and thin, bright green, usually flat, rarely undulate, narrowly oblanceolate to narrowly obovate, or narrowly elliptic to elliptic, sometimes narrowly ovate distally, margins bluntly dentate or subentire, teeth widely spaced, sometimes sinuate-dentate proximally or lobed; bracts usually caducous. |
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Inflorescences | erect, often with secondary or tertiary branches just proximal to main one. |
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Flowers | opening at sunrise; buds with free tips 0–4 mm; floral tube 5–20 mm; sepals 4–12 mm, midribs keeled; petals yellow, fading orangish to purplish, 6–25 mm; antisepalous filaments 2–8 mm, antipetalous filaments 1–4 mm, anthers 2–7 mm, pollen 90–100% fertile; style 9–30 mm, stigma sometimes blue-black, discoid to quadrangular, exserted beyond anthers. |
opening near sunset; buds erect, 5–9 mm diam., with free tips terminal, erect, 2–9 mm; floral tube 35–55 mm; sepals yellowish green or flushed with red, 22–46 mm; petals yellow to pale yellow, fading pale yellowish white, very broadly obcordate or obovate, (25–)30–45 mm; filaments 18–27 mm, anthers 10–15 mm, pollen 90–100% fertile; style 57–90 mm, stigma exserted beyond anthers at anthesis. |
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Capsules | 10–35 × 1–2 mm, hard, dehiscent 1/2 their length, often tardily dehiscent throughout their length. |
erect or slightly spreading, dull green when dry, narrowly lanceoloid to narrowly ovoid, 15–35 × 3.5–5.5 mm, free tips of valves 0.5–2.5 mm. |
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Seeds | obovoid, 1–1.8 mm, sharply angled, apex truncate. |
1–1.7 × 0.6–1.2 mm. |
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2n | = 14. |
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Oenothera capillifolia |
Oenothera grandiflora |
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Phenology | Flowering Jul–Aug(–Sep). | |||||
Habitat | Scattered, presumably relictual populations on chalky bluffs, loose sand over limestone, along streams, marshes, ditches, roadsides. | |||||
Elevation | 20–600 m. (100–2000 ft.) | |||||
Distribution | c United States; sc United States; n Mexico |
AL; FL; MS; NC; SC; TN |
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Discussion | Subspecies 2 (2 in the flora). Oenothera capillifolia is self-incompatible (H. F. Towner 1977). Oenothera berlandieri (Spach) Steudel 1841, not D. Dietrich 1840, is superfluous and cannot be used in Oenothera when transferred from Calylophus, and pertains here. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Oenothera grandiflora has a scattered distribution, from the eastern half of Mississippi and Alabama, east to Tennessee (Franklin and Marion counties), North Carolina (Cherokee, Macon, Martin, Moore, New Hanover, Sampson, and Swain counties), South Carolina (Oconee, Spartanburg, and Sumter counties), and Florida (Alachua, Escambia, Franklin, Lake, Leon, Polk, Putnam, and Santa Rosa counties). Collections from southern Canada, New York, Pennsylvania, Vermont, and West Virginia almost certainly represent cultivated plants, garden escapes, or adventive populations, and the single locality from central Kentucky also may be an introduction; it is sometimes a colonizer in disturbed sites such as along roads. Oenothera grandiflora has plastome III and a BB genome composition. As summarized by W. Dietrich et al. (1997), some populations of O. grandiflora seem to be entirely or mostly composed of self-incompatible individuals, whereas others consist of self-compatible plants. This is an extremely uncommon phenomenon within a single species of Oenothera; the only other species known to exhibit mixed populations of self-incompatible and self-compatible individuals is O. primiveris. Oenothera grandiflora Lamarck 1798, being a later homonym of O. grandiflora L’Héritier 1789, pertains here. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 10. | FNA vol. 10. | ||||
Parent taxa | Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Onagreae > Oenothera > sect. Calylophus > subsect. Calylophus | Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Onagreae > Oenothera > sect. Oenothera > subsect. Oenothera | ||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||
Subordinate taxa | ||||||
Synonyms | Meriolix capillifolia | O. biennis var. grandiflora, O. grandiflora var. glabra, O. grandiflora var. pubescens, O. lamarckiana, O. spectabilis | ||||
Name authority | Scheele: Linnaea 21: 576. (1848) | L’Héritier in W. Aiton: Hort. Kew. 2: 2. (1789) | ||||
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