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Texas beeblossom

long-tubed evening primrose, yellow evening primrose

Habit Herbs perennial, clumped, usually sparsely strigillose, rarely glabrate or sparsely villous, hairs erect, sometimes sparsely glandular puberulent distally; from twisted, woody rootstock. Herbs perennial, rarely short-lived, acaulescent or very short-caulescent, glabrate to moderately strigillose, usually also glandular puberulent, sometimes sparsely hirsute distally; from a taproot.
Stems

erect, branched below and just above ground, branched also proximal to inflorescences, (40–)60–250 cm.

(when present) ascending, 1–several, usually densely leafy, 0–2 cm.

Leaves

in a basal rosette and cauline, basal 3–13 × 0.6–2.5 cm, blade spatulate to oblanceolate, cauline (1–)2.5–12 × 0.1–1 cm, blade linear to narrowly oblanceolate, margins slightly to conspicuously sinuate-dentate.

primarily in a basal rosette, (3.4–)6–30(–36) × (0.5–)1.5–5(–7) cm, flexible, sometimes ± fleshy;

petiole (0.2–)2–7(–10) cm;

blade oblanceolate to linear, margins usually irregularly and coarsely pinnately lobed, rarely subentire, apex acute.

Inflorescences

slender.

Flowers

4-merous, zygomorphic, opening near sunset;

floral tube 3–9 mm;

sepals 6–12 mm;

petals white, fading dark pink to red, slightly unequal, elliptic-obovate, 7–11 mm;

stamens presented in lower 1/2 of flower, filaments 3–7 mm, anthers 2.5–5 mm, pollen 90–100% fertile;

style 9.5–19 mm, stigma exserted beyond anthers at anthesis.

1–4 opening per day near sunset;

buds with free tips (1–)2–10(–12) mm;

floral tube (24–)40–200(–265) mm;

sepals (8–)11–40(–42) mm;

petals bright yellow, sometimes paler (in smaller-flowered plants), fading pale orange, drying purple, (7–)10–45(–50) mm;

filaments (5–)8–23(–26) mm, anthers (2–)3–13(–16) mm;

style (40–)50–250(–290) mm, stigma exserted beyond or surrounded by ring of anthers.

Capsules

lanceoloid to narrowly ovoid, narrowly 4-winged, 7–12 × 1.5–2.5 mm, tapered to a sterile stipe 2–5 mm.

leathery in age, surface usually conspicuously reticulate, usually narrowly ovoid or ellipsoid, sometimes ovoid or lanceoloid, winged, wings narrowly oblong, (2–)3–5(–6) mm wide, confined to distal 2/3 of capsule, (10–)20–35(–43) × 4–8 mm (excluding wings), gradually constricted to a short beak, dehiscent 1/4–1/2 their length, valve surface usually conspicuously reticulate;

sessile.

Seeds

(2 or)3 or 4(or 5), light brown or reddish brown, 1.5–2.5 × 0.8–1.3 mm.

asymmetrically cuneiform, 1.8–2.2(–2.6) mm.2n = 14.

2n

= 14.

Oenothera calcicola

Oenothera flava

Phenology Flowering Apr–May. Flowering Mar–Aug(–Oct).
Habitat Dry limestone, gypsum, or caliche soil, slopes. Local and colonial, sometimes abundant in wet (at least seasonally moist) clay to gravelly sand of swales, desiccating flats and ponds, montane meadows, margins of permanent or seasonal watercourses, open sites.
Elevation 400–1800(–2100) m. (1300–5900(–6900) ft.) 300–3200 m. (1000–10500 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
TX; Mexico (Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas)
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AZ; CA; CO; ID; MT; ND; NE; NM; NV; OR; SD; UT; WA; WY; AB; MB; SK; Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Sonora)
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Oenothera calcicola occurs at mostly higher elevations and more montane areas than other species of subsect. Stipogaura, from the southern Trans-Pecos and Edwards Plateau regions of Texas southward into northern Mexico. P. H. Raven and D. P. Gregory (1972[1973]) determined O. calcicola to be self-incompatible. It is known to form hybrids with O. suffrutescens.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Petals in Oenothera flava typically range from 7–32 mm with floral tubes 24–100 mm; however, plants from three disjunct areas: the Mogollon Plateau in Arizona to Catron County, New Mexico; Sacramento Mountains and Sierra Blanca, Lincoln and Otero counties, New Mexico; and the Sierra Madre Occidental from northern Chihuahua south to Durango, have much larger petals (30–55 mm) and longer floral tubes (80–265 mm). They were originally recognized as a distinct species or most recently as a subspecies (O. flava subsp. taraxacoides), but detailed study of the variation pattern suggests that the larger flowers occur in areas of high hawkmoth species diversity and higher rates of outcrossing, similar to the pattern discussed in detail by D. P. Gregory (1963, 1964). R. A. Raguso et al. (2007) and H. E. Summers et al. (2015) came to the same conclusion in an independent study of floral biology of sect. Lavauxia. Because populations from the three disjunct areas appear to have diverged independently from lower-elevation source populations, it seems best to treat the complex as one variable species without any formal subdivision.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 10. FNA vol. 10.
Parent taxa Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Onagreae > Oenothera > sect. Gaura > subsect. Stipogaura Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Onagreae > Oenothera > sect. Lavauxia > subsect. Lavauxia
Sibling taxa
O. acutissima, O. albicaulis, O. argillicola, O. arida, O. arizonica, O. biennis, O. boquillensis, O. brachycarpa, O. californica, O. canescens, O. capillifolia, O. cavernae, O. cespitosa, O. cinerea, O. clelandii, O. coloradensis, O. cordata, O. coronopifolia, O. coryi, O. curtiflora, O. curtissii, O. deltoides, O. demareei, O. dodgeniana, O. drummondii, O. elata, O. engelmannii, O. falfurriae, O. filiformis, O. filipes, O. flava, O. fruticosa, O. gaura, O. gayleana, O. glaucifolia, O. glazioviana, O. grandiflora, O. grandis, O. harringtonii, O. hartwegii, O. havardii, O. heterophylla, O. hispida, O. howardii, O. humifusa, O. jamesii, O. kunthiana, O. laciniata, O. lavandulifolia, O. lindheimeri, O. linifolia, O. longissima, O. macrocarpa, O. mckelveyae, O. mexicana, O. nealleyi, O. neomexicana, O. nutans, O. nuttallii, O. oakesiana, O. organensis, O. pallida, O. parviflora, O. patriciae, O. perennis, O. pilosella, O. platanorum, O. podocarpa, O. primiveris, O. psammophila, O. pubescens, O. rhombipetala, O. riparia, O. rosea, O. serrulata, O. sessilis, O. simulans, O. sinuosa, O. spachiana, O. speciosa, O. stricta, O. suffrutescens, O. suffulta, O. tetraptera, O. texensis, O. toumeyi, O. triangulata, O. triloba, O. tubicula, O. villosa, O. wolfii, O. xylocarpa
O. acutissima, O. albicaulis, O. argillicola, O. arida, O. arizonica, O. biennis, O. boquillensis, O. brachycarpa, O. calcicola, O. californica, O. canescens, O. capillifolia, O. cavernae, O. cespitosa, O. cinerea, O. clelandii, O. coloradensis, O. cordata, O. coronopifolia, O. coryi, O. curtiflora, O. curtissii, O. deltoides, O. demareei, O. dodgeniana, O. drummondii, O. elata, O. engelmannii, O. falfurriae, O. filiformis, O. filipes, O. fruticosa, O. gaura, O. gayleana, O. glaucifolia, O. glazioviana, O. grandiflora, O. grandis, O. harringtonii, O. hartwegii, O. havardii, O. heterophylla, O. hispida, O. howardii, O. humifusa, O. jamesii, O. kunthiana, O. laciniata, O. lavandulifolia, O. lindheimeri, O. linifolia, O. longissima, O. macrocarpa, O. mckelveyae, O. mexicana, O. nealleyi, O. neomexicana, O. nutans, O. nuttallii, O. oakesiana, O. organensis, O. pallida, O. parviflora, O. patriciae, O. perennis, O. pilosella, O. platanorum, O. podocarpa, O. primiveris, O. psammophila, O. pubescens, O. rhombipetala, O. riparia, O. rosea, O. serrulata, O. sessilis, O. simulans, O. sinuosa, O. spachiana, O. speciosa, O. stricta, O. suffrutescens, O. suffulta, O. tetraptera, O. texensis, O. toumeyi, O. triangulata, O. triloba, O. tubicula, O. villosa, O. wolfii, O. xylocarpa
Synonyms Gaura calcicola Lavauxiaflava a., L. palustris, L. taraxacoides, O. flava subsp. taraxacoides, O. murdockii, O. taraxacoides, O. triloba var. ecristata
Name authority (P. H. Raven & D. P. Gregory) W. L. Wagner & Hoch: Syst. Bot. Monogr. 83: 211. (2007) (A. Nelson) Garrett: Spring Fl. Wasatch ed. 4, 106. (1927)
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