Nuttallanthus texanus |
Nuttallanthus canadensis |
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blue toadflax, large flower blue toadflax, Texas toadflax |
blue toadflax, Canada toadflax, linaire du Canada, old field toadflax |
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Fertile stems | 1–13(–30), distally branched, sometimes simple, 17–70 cm. |
1–4(–7), simple, rarely distally branched, 11–70 cm. |
Leaves | blades of sterile-stem leaves elliptic or oblong-elliptic to obovate, 2–18 × 0.5–3 mm, blades of fertile-stem leaves linear to narrowly elliptic, 7–34 × (0.5–)1–3.1 mm. |
blades of sterile-stem leaves narrowly elliptic to obovate, 2–12 × 0.5–3 mm, blades of fertile-stem leaves linear, 5–43 × 0.5–2.2 mm. |
Racemes | (2–)4–20 cm; bracts narrowly oblanceolate or lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, (0.7–)2–4 mm. |
1–18 cm; bracts narrowly oblanceolate or lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 1.1–3 mm. |
Pedicels | erect, 2–8(–9) mm in fruit, glabrous or sparsely glandular-pubescent, hairs to 0.1 mm. |
erect, 1.8–5.5 mm in fruit, sparsely glandular-pubescent, sometimes glabrous, hairs to 0.1 mm. |
Flowers | calyx lobes lanceolate to oblong, (2–)2.5–4.2 × 0.8–1.6 mm, proximally sparsely glandular-pubescent, sometimes glabrous; corolla blue to pale violet, (11–)14–22 mm, spurs curved, sometimes straight, 4.5–11 mm, abaxial lip 5–11 mm, adaxial 3–6 mm. |
calyx lobes linear-lanceolate to narrowly ovate, 2.1–3.5 × 0.4–1 mm, proximally sparsely glandular-pubescent, sometimes glabrous; corolla white to blue, 8–14 mm, spurs straight or curved, 2–7 mm, abaxial lip 2–4.5 mm, adaxial 1.2–2(–3) mm. |
Capsules | oblong-ovoid, 2.6–4.8 × 2.5–4 mm. |
oblong-ovoid, 2.6–3.9 × 2.6–3.3 mm. |
Seeds | gray, 0.3–0.5 mm, edges rounded, rarely angled or irregularly dentate, faces prominently pointed-tuberculate, rarely with rounded ridges and scattered, rounded tubercles. |
black or gray, 0.3–0.5 mm, edges sharp, faces obscurely tuberculate. |
2n | = 12, 24. |
= 12. |
Nuttallanthus texanus |
Nuttallanthus canadensis |
|
Phenology | Flowering Feb–Jul. | Flowering Feb–Jul(–Sep). |
Habitat | Sandy prairies, woodlands, roadsides, fallow fields, rocky bluffs, disturbed sites. | Sandy prairies, woodlands, roadsides, fallow fields, disturbed sites. |
Elevation | 0–1800 m. (0–5900 ft.) | 0–300 m. (0–1000 ft.) |
Distribution |
AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; FL; GA; IL; KS; KY; LA; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NM; OK; OR; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; WA; WY; AB; BC; SK; Mexico; South America [Introduced in West Indies (Dominican Republic), Pacific Islands (Hawaii)]
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AL; AR; CA; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; BC; NB; NS; ON; PE; QC [Introduced in e Europe (Russia)]
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Discussion | Sutton observed that some specimens from the northwestern United States and southwestern Canada have seeds with dentate ridges, similar to those of the South American Nuttallanthus subandinus. Sutton did not explicitly associate the North American plants with that species, stating that further study was needed. Among specimens examined for this treatment were five from Kansas, Louisiana, and Oklahoma with dentate-ridged seeds apparently similar to those illustrated in Sutton’s monograph. In other features, these specimens most resemble N. texanus. P. T. Crawford (2003) also reported two seed morphotypes in Nuttallanthus texanus. Among plants from California, Oklahoma, Texas, and the southeastern United States were individuals bearing seeds with ridges rounded and faces densely covered with acute tubercles. Among plants from Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas were individuals bearing seeds with more sharply angled ridges and faces with rounded ridges and scattered, rounded tubercles. From his description and photographs, this second type does not match the dentate-ridged seed type discussed above. Pending further study, plants with all three seed types are included here in N. texanus. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Nuttallanthus canadensis and N. texanus are sympatric through much of their ranges. In Texas, where they sometimes occur in mixed populations, R. Kral (1955) observed that N. canadensis bloomed and set fruit earlier than did N. texanus. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 17, p. 41. | FNA vol. 17, p. 41. |
Parent taxa | Plantaginaceae > Nuttallanthus | Plantaginaceae > Nuttallanthus |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Linaria texana, L. canadensis var. texana | Antirrhinum canadense, Linaria canadensis |
Name authority | (Scheele) D. A. Sutton: Revis. Antirrhineae, 460. (1988) | (Linnaeus) D. A. Sutton: Revis. Antirrhineae, 457. (1988) |
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