Nuttallanthus canadensis |
Nuttallanthus texanus |
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blue toadflax, Canada toadflax, linaire du Canada, old field toadflax |
blue toadflax, large flower blue toadflax, Texas toadflax |
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Fertile stems | 1–4(–7), simple, rarely distally branched, 11–70 cm. |
1–13(–30), distally branched, sometimes simple, 17–70 cm. |
Leaves | blades of sterile-stem leaves narrowly elliptic to obovate, 2–12 × 0.5–3 mm, blades of fertile-stem leaves linear, 5–43 × 0.5–2.2 mm. |
blades of sterile-stem leaves elliptic or oblong-elliptic to obovate, 2–18 × 0.5–3 mm, blades of fertile-stem leaves linear to narrowly elliptic, 7–34 × (0.5–)1–3.1 mm. |
Racemes | 1–18 cm; bracts narrowly oblanceolate or lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 1.1–3 mm. |
(2–)4–20 cm; bracts narrowly oblanceolate or lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, (0.7–)2–4 mm. |
Pedicels | erect, 1.8–5.5 mm in fruit, sparsely glandular-pubescent, sometimes glabrous, hairs to 0.1 mm. |
erect, 2–8(–9) mm in fruit, glabrous or sparsely glandular-pubescent, hairs to 0.1 mm. |
Flowers | calyx lobes linear-lanceolate to narrowly ovate, 2.1–3.5 × 0.4–1 mm, proximally sparsely glandular-pubescent, sometimes glabrous; corolla white to blue, 8–14 mm, spurs straight or curved, 2–7 mm, abaxial lip 2–4.5 mm, adaxial 1.2–2(–3) mm. |
calyx lobes lanceolate to oblong, (2–)2.5–4.2 × 0.8–1.6 mm, proximally sparsely glandular-pubescent, sometimes glabrous; corolla blue to pale violet, (11–)14–22 mm, spurs curved, sometimes straight, 4.5–11 mm, abaxial lip 5–11 mm, adaxial 3–6 mm. |
Capsules | oblong-ovoid, 2.6–3.9 × 2.6–3.3 mm. |
oblong-ovoid, 2.6–4.8 × 2.5–4 mm. |
Seeds | black or gray, 0.3–0.5 mm, edges sharp, faces obscurely tuberculate. |
gray, 0.3–0.5 mm, edges rounded, rarely angled or irregularly dentate, faces prominently pointed-tuberculate, rarely with rounded ridges and scattered, rounded tubercles. |
2n | = 12. |
= 12, 24. |
Nuttallanthus canadensis |
Nuttallanthus texanus |
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Phenology | Flowering Feb–Jul(–Sep). | Flowering Feb–Jul. |
Habitat | Sandy prairies, woodlands, roadsides, fallow fields, disturbed sites. | Sandy prairies, woodlands, roadsides, fallow fields, rocky bluffs, disturbed sites. |
Elevation | 0–300 m. (0–1000 ft.) | 0–1800 m. (0–5900 ft.) |
Distribution |
AL; AR; CA; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; BC; NB; NS; ON; PE; QC [Introduced in e Europe (Russia)]
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AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; FL; GA; IL; KS; KY; LA; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NM; OK; OR; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; WA; WY; AB; BC; SK; Mexico; South America [Introduced in West Indies (Dominican Republic), Pacific Islands (Hawaii)]
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Discussion | Nuttallanthus canadensis and N. texanus are sympatric through much of their ranges. In Texas, where they sometimes occur in mixed populations, R. Kral (1955) observed that N. canadensis bloomed and set fruit earlier than did N. texanus. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Sutton observed that some specimens from the northwestern United States and southwestern Canada have seeds with dentate ridges, similar to those of the South American Nuttallanthus subandinus. Sutton did not explicitly associate the North American plants with that species, stating that further study was needed. Among specimens examined for this treatment were five from Kansas, Louisiana, and Oklahoma with dentate-ridged seeds apparently similar to those illustrated in Sutton’s monograph. In other features, these specimens most resemble N. texanus. P. T. Crawford (2003) also reported two seed morphotypes in Nuttallanthus texanus. Among plants from California, Oklahoma, Texas, and the southeastern United States were individuals bearing seeds with ridges rounded and faces densely covered with acute tubercles. Among plants from Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas were individuals bearing seeds with more sharply angled ridges and faces with rounded ridges and scattered, rounded tubercles. From his description and photographs, this second type does not match the dentate-ridged seed type discussed above. Pending further study, plants with all three seed types are included here in N. texanus. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 17, p. 41. | FNA vol. 17, p. 41. |
Parent taxa | Plantaginaceae > Nuttallanthus | Plantaginaceae > Nuttallanthus |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Antirrhinum canadense, Linaria canadensis | Linaria texana, L. canadensis var. texana |
Name authority | (Linnaeus) D. A. Sutton: Revis. Antirrhineae, 457. (1988) | (Scheele) D. A. Sutton: Revis. Antirrhineae, 460. (1988) |
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