Nicotiana quadrivalvis |
Nicotiana sylvestris |
|
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Bigelow's tobacco, four-valved tobacco, Indian or Bigelow's or Wallace's tobacco, Indian tobacco, wild tobacco |
flowering tobacco, nicotiana sylvestris, South American tobacco |
|
Habit | Herbs, annual, from basal rosette. | Herbs, perennial, [or soft-wooded small trees], from basal rosette that soon merges with cauline leaves. |
Stems | single or with multiple robust branches, 3–20 dm, moist, patent, viscid-pubescent. |
single or multiple, stout, branches erect, 4–30 dm, viscid-pubescent. |
Cauline leaves | sessile or short-petiolate, congested toward inflorescence; blade ovate to lanceolate, 1–4 cm, gradually decreasing in size and narrower distally, apex acute to acuminate, surfaces coarsely viscid-pubescent. |
sessile; proximal blades elliptic, distal elliptic to elliptic-ovate, decreasing in size distally, 20–50 cm, base auriculate, apex acute to acuminate, surfaces viscid-pubescent. |
Inflorescences | unbranched or few-branched, leafy to bracteate; flowering crepuscular. |
branched panicles with congested branches, appearing moplike, leafy; flowering crepuscular. |
Pedicels | 0.4–1 cm (longer in fruit). |
0.5–1.5 cm (nodding, flowers pendent). |
Flowers | calyx green, elliptic, 10-ridged (or more in fasciated plants), 0.9–3.5 cm, densely viscid-pubescent, (trichomes occasionally with swollen bases), lobes linear, ± equal, length equaling or sometimes exceeding tube, sinus membranes long, transparent; corolla straight, 2–5 cm (excluding limb), minutely viscid-pubescent externally, tube and throat not well differentiated, white or ivory, or tinged purple externally and oily-glossy, broadly trumpet-shaped, tubular portion from 2 mm diam. at base to 7 mm diam. at mouth (much wider in fasciated varieties), glabrous or minutely puberulent internally, limb spreading, cream to white flushed with grayish purple (externally), stellate to pentagonal, 2–5 cm diam., lobes broadly triangular, acute; stamens unequal, 4 inserted just below mouth, exserted, 1 inserted ca. 1 cm deeper in throat, included; filaments ± equal, 0.3–1 cm, glabrous; style straight, just exceeding stamens. |
calyx green, oblong or subglobose (somewhat twisted), 1–1.8 cm, viscid-pubescent, lobes erect, deltate to triangular, equal or nearly so, much shorter than tube; corolla white, straight or very slightly curved, 6–9 cm (excluding limb), minutely viscid-pubescent without, tube white, cylindric, straight or slightly curved, 2 cm × 1–2 mm, throat 40–70 mm, glabrous or minutely puberulent internally, ventricose and inflated in middle to distal 1/3 (often somewhat asymmetrically), narrowing toward apex with constriction at mouth, 5 mm diam., limb spreading, tips somewhat reflexed, white, stellate, 1.5–2 cm diam., lobes white, broadly triangular, acute apically; stamens inserted subequally at base of throat, included; filaments unequal, 4 longer, 4–7 cm, just reaching corolla mouth, 1 slightly shorter, 4–6 cm, pubescent at insertion point; style straight, just exceeding the 4 longer stamens, slightly exserted. |
Fruiting calyces | not tearing at sinuses, completely enclosing capsule. |
not tearing at sinuses, almost completely covering capsule. |
Capsules | narrowly ovoid, 1–2.5 cm. |
ovoid, 1.5–1.8 cm. |
Seeds | 0.9 mm. |
0.5 mm. |
Rosette | leaves: petiole length to 1/2 blade; blade elliptic to narrowly ovate, 1–1.5 cm, surfaces usually viscid-pubescent abaxially, glabrous adaxially. |
leaves sessile; blade elliptic, to 50 cm, base decurrent and often auriculate or clasping, surfaces viscid-pubescent. |
2n | = 48. |
= 24. |
Nicotiana quadrivalvis |
Nicotiana sylvestris |
|
Phenology | Flowering Apr–Oct(–Dec). | Flowering year-round. |
Habitat | Dry river beds, washes, gravel bars, mesas, plains, burned areas. | Disturbed areas, abandoned gardens. |
Elevation | 0–600(–2000) m. (0–2000(–6600) ft.) | 0–2000 m. (0–6600 ft.) |
Distribution |
AZ; CA; NV; OR; WA; BC
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AZ; CA; South America (Argentina, Bolivia) [Introduced in North America; introduced also in Europe (Germany, Sweden, United Kingdom)] |
Discussion | Nicotiana quadrivalvis was widely cultivated by western Native American peoples, and prior to European expansion to the west, was grown from Haida Gwaii in British Columbia across the Great Plains to North Dakota and Missouri. The tobacco collected by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark in North Dakota was N. quadrivalvis; however, recent collections from this area are only from cultivated plants (for example, Reveal 8376, NY). Plants derived from cultivated forms often have supernumerary flower parts (fasciation) and flowers with more than five petals. These forms are most often collected from northern California northwards; the first collection of this type was made along the Columbia River in Oregon by David Douglas. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Nicotiana sylvestris is widely cultivated and has been recorded as escaping, self-sowing, and persisting in disturbed areas. Most herbarium specimens have been collected from gardens or greenhouses, but the ease with which the species self-sows means it is likely to become at least ephemerally naturalized in areas with little frost. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 14. | FNA vol. 14. |
Parent taxa | Solanaceae > Nicotiana | Solanaceae > Nicotiana |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Amphipleis quadrivalvis, Dictyocalyx quadrivalvis, N. bigelovii, N. bigelovii var. wallacei, N. multivalvis, N. plumbaginifolia var. bigelovii, N. quadrivalvis var. bigelovii, Polydiclis quadrivalvis | |
Name authority | Pursh: Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 141. (1813) | Spegazzini: Gartenflora 47: 131, fig. 38. (1898) |
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