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watercress, yellowcress

common watercress, nasturtium, two-rowed water-cress, water cress

Habit Perennials; (aquatic, rhizomatous, rooting at proximal nodes); not scapose; often glabrous, sometimes pubescent. Plants glabrous throughout or sparsely pubescent.
Stems

prostrate or decumbent, or erect in emergent plants, unbranched.

1–11(–20) dm.

Leaves

cauline;

not rosulate;

petiolate;

petiole base sometimes auriculate, blade (pinnately compound in emerged plants, or simple in deeply submerged plants, lateral leaflets petiolulate or sessile, 1–6(–12) pairs), margins entire, repand, or, rarely, dentate.

Cauline leaves

petiole not winged, base auriculate;

blade 3–9(–13)-foliolate, (1–)2–15(–22) cm;

lateral leaflets sessile or petiolulate, rachis not winged, blade smaller than terminal;

terminal leaflet (or simple blade) suborbicular to ovate, or oblong to lanceolate, (0.4–)1–4(–5) cm × (3–)7–25(–40) mm, base obtuse, cuneate, or subcordate, margins entire or repand, apex obtuse.

Racemes

(corymbose, several-flowered), elongated in fruit.

Flowers

sepals erect or ascending, oblong [ovate], lateral pair subsaccate or not saccate basally, (glabrous);

petals usually white, rarely pink, obovate or narrowly spatulate, (longer than sepals), claw undifferentiated from blade, (attenuate to clawlike base, apex obtuse, acute, or rounded);

stamens tetradynamous;

filaments (white), not dilated basally;

anthers oblong, (apex obtuse);

nectar glands (2), lateral, annular or semiannular.

sepals 2–3.5 × 0.9–1.6 mm;

petals white or pink, spatulate or obovate, 2.8–4.5(–6) × 1.5–2.5 mm, (base to 1 mm), apex rounded;

filaments 2–3.5 mm;

anthers 0.6–1 mm.

Fruiting pedicels

divaricate or descending, slender, (glabrous or adaxially puberulent).

divaricate or descending, straight or recurved, 5–17(–24) mm.

Fruits

siliques, sessile, usually linear, rarely narrowly oblong, smooth or slightly torulose, straight or slightly curved, terete;

valves each obscurely veined, glabrous;

replum rounded;

septum complete;

ovules 25–50 per ovary;

style obsolete or distinct;

stigma capitate.

(0.6–)1–1.8(–2.5) cm × (1.8–)2–2.5(–3) mm;

ovules (28–)36–60 per ovary;

style 0.5–1(–1.5) mm.

Seeds

plump, not winged, oblong or ovoid;

seed coat (minutely to coarsely reticulate), not mucilaginous when wetted;

cotyledons accumbent.

biseriate, reddish brown, ovoid, (0.8–)0.9–1.1(–1.3) × (0.6–)0.7–0.9(–1) mm, coarsely reticulate with 25–50(–60) areolae on each side.

x

= 8.

2n

= 32.

Nasturtium

Nasturtium officinale

Phenology Flowering Feb–Sep.
Habitat Flowing streams, ditches, lake margins, swamps, marshes, seeps
Elevation 0-3000 m (0-9800 ft)
Distribution
from USDA
North America; n Mexico; Central America; Europe; Asia; n Africa [Introduced also in South America, tropical and s Africa, Australia, nearly worldwide]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NF; NS; ON; PE; QC; Europe; Asia; n Africa [Introduced in North America; introduced also elsewhere in the New World, tropical and s Africa, Australia]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Species 5 (4 in the flora).

There has been considerable disagreement as to whether Nasturtium should be maintained as a distinct genus or be united with Rorippa. Molecular data and a critical evaluation of morphology (I. A. Al-Shehbaz and R. A. Price 1998) clearly show that Nasturtium is much more closely related to Cardamine than it is to Rorippa, and that the two genera should not be united.

Plants of Nasturtium floridanum, N. microphyllum, and N. officinale typically produce compound leaves when submerged in shallow waters or when their branches are emergent. When submerged in deep waters, all three produce simple leaves, and, in that case, it is impossible to distinguish them. The hybrid between N. officinale and N. microphyllum, N. ×sterilis Airy Shaw, is uncommon in North America, having been reported from Connecticut, Idaho, Michigan, and New Hampshire (P. S. Green 1962), and is far more common in Europe, where it has recently been studied thoroughly (W. Bleeker et al. 1999 and references therein). Nasturtium africanum Braun-Blanquet is known from Morocco in northwestern Africa.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Seeds biseriate, coarsely reticulate, with 25-50(-60) areolae on each side; fruits (1.8-) 2-2.5(-3) mm wide.
N. officinale
1. Seeds uniseriate, minutely to moderately reticulate, with (75-)100-500 areolae on each side; fruits 0.8-1.2(-1.8) mm wide
→ 2
2. Emergent leaves: petiolar bases non-auriculate; blades 3(-5)-foliolate; seeds light or yellowish brown; Florida.
N. floridanum
2. Emergent leaves: petiolar bases often minutely auriculate; blades (3-)5-17-foliolate; seeds reddish brown; not Florida
→ 3
3. Leaflet margins entire or repand; seeds with (75-)100-150(-175) areolae on each side; filaments 2.5-3.5 mm; petals 4.5-6 mm; petioles and rachises not winged.
N. microphyllum
3. Leaflet margins coarsely dentate or, rarely, sinuate-repand; seeds with 300-450 areolae on each side; filaments 5-7 mm; petals 6-8 mm; petioles and rachises narrowly winged.
N. gambelii
Source FNA vol. 7, p. 489. Author: Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz. FNA vol. 7, p. 490.
Parent taxa Brassicaceae > tribe Cardamineae Brassicaceae > tribe Cardamineae > Nasturtium
Sibling taxa
N. floridanum, N. gambelii, N. microphyllum
Subordinate taxa
N. floridanum, N. gambelii, N. microphyllum, N. officinale
Synonyms Sisymbrium nasturtium-aquaticum, Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum
Name authority W. T. Aiton: in W. Aiton and W. T. Aiton, Hortus Kew. 4: 110. (1812) W. T. Aiton: in W. Aiton and W. T. Aiton, Hortus Kew. 4: 110. (1812)
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