Modiola caroliniana |
Modiola |
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Carolina bristle-mallow, modiola |
bristlemallow |
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Habit | Herbs, perennial, usually glabrate. | |
Stems | flowering apices often ascending, branched, usually 0.2–0.5 m, often rooting at nodes. |
procumbent, not viscid, sometimes with few simple hairs on herbage. |
Leaves | stipules 3–4 × 1.5–3 mm; petiole length 1–2 times blade; blade 1.5–4 × 1.5–4 cm. |
stipules persistent, ovate; blade orbiculate, usually palmately 5–7- ribbed, narrowly triangular; corolla wide-campanulate, salmon-orange, often with darker center, drying brick red; staminal column included; ovary 16–22-carpellate; ovules 1 per cell; style 16–22-branched; stigmas capitate. |
Pedicels | usually shorter than subtending petioles, hairy; involucellar bractlets lanceolate, 4–5 mm. |
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Flowers | calyx 5–7 mm, hairy, hairs simple, 1–2 mm; corolla erect, 6–8 mm; staminal column yellowish; anthers crowded at apex; stigmas equaling number of locules. |
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Fruits | schizocarps, erect, not inflated, flattened disc indented in center, not indurate, setose; mericarps 16–22, 2-celled, dorsally setose, laterally glabrous, with 2 apical spurs/spines, chamber divided by endoglossum or partial septum, lower cell strongly rugose, indehiscent, upper cell smoother, dehiscent. |
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Mericarps | drying black, 5–6 mm, apical spines 1.5–3 mm. |
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Seeds | 1.5 mm. |
1 per cell, rounded, with proximal notch, sparsely, minutely hairy. |
x | = 9. |
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2n | = 18. |
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Modiola caroliniana |
Modiola |
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Phenology | Flowering Mar–Nov. | |
Habitat | Disturbed, usually moist habitats, shores of ponds and reservoirs, low sandy areas, lawns, roadsides | |
Elevation | 0–400 m [0–1300 ft] | |
Distribution |
AL; AR; AZ; CA; DE; FL; GA; KY; LA; MA; MS; NC; OK; OR; PA; SC; TN; TX; VA; HI; Central America; South America [Introduced in North America; introduced also in Mexico]
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Mexico; Central America; West Indies; South America (to n Argentina); Europe [Introduced in North America] |
Discussion | Modiola caroliniana is somewhat weedy but not a serious agricultural weed. It has been reported in Delaware, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania as a waif but doubtfully persists that far north. It is well established in the southeastern United States and is rather common as a lawn weed in some locations and as a garden weed in California. It probably came from southern South America in wool or cotton. Its closest relative, Modiolastrum K. Schumann, is known from southern South America. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Species 1. Modiola is undoubtedly adventive over much of its range and possibly native only in northern Argentina and the Paraná basin of South America. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 6, p. 304. | FNA vol. 6, p. 303. |
Parent taxa | ||
Subordinate taxa | ||
Synonyms | Malva caroliniana, M. prostrata, M. reptans, M. urticifolia | Abutilodes, Diadesma, Modanthos |
Name authority | (Linnaeus) G. Don: Gen. Hist. 1: 466. (1831) | Moench: Methodus, 619. (1794) |
Web links |