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false aloe, rattlesnake master, Virginian agave

tuberose

Habit Plants perennial, scapose, rhizomatous; rhizomes upright, globose, or cylindrical.
Roots

fleshy or fibrous.

Rhizomes

cylindrical.

Stems

subterranean.

Leaves

spreading, semisucculent, 8–40(–47) × 0.5–6.5(–9.3) cm;

blade usually spotted or speckled with maroon, shallowly channeled, oblanceolate to linear-lanceolate, margins entire or with cartilaginous prickles.

in rosettes, flexible, thin or succulent;

blade linear-lanceolate to oblanceolate, often glaucous, sometimes mottled, base membranous [fibrous in species of s Mexico], margins entire, papillose, or dentate, with cartilaginous teeth, apex a soft point.

Scape

4.5  13.8 dm.

Inflorescences

14–68 cm, bearing 10–61 closely spaced flowers.

racemose or spikate, bracteate;

proximal flowers occasionally pedicellate.

Flowers

sessile or pedicellate, nearly erect, slender, with sweet, fruity odor;

tepals green;

perianth tube 0.9–2.3 × 0.3–0.6 cm;

limb lobes erect, 0.4–0.8 cm;

filaments inserted near base of tube, bent in bud, exceeding tube by 1.2–3.1 cm;

ovary 4–10 mm;

style shorter than stamens, exceeding tube by 0.6–2.3 cm;

stigma white, 3-lobed, lobes reflexed.

usually solitary at node, nocturnal;

tepals connate basally into tube, green, sometimes tinged with brown, or pale yellow, or white to pink;

perianth tube narrowly to broadly funnelform;

limb lobes erect or recurved, oblong;

stamens 6;

filaments inserted on tube, in bud straight or bent, usually exserted at anthesis;

ovary inferior;

style usually exserted at maturity;

stigma capitate, 3-angled and furrowed, or 3-lobed with lobes reflexed.

Fruits

capsular, globose to cylindrical, dehiscence loculicidal.

Capsules

globose, 1–1.7 cm diam. 2n = 60.

Seeds

flat, triangular, 0.3–0.6 cm on radial margins.

x

= 30.

Manfreda virginica

Manfreda

Phenology Flowering summer–late summer, rarely in spring; fruiting late summer–early fall.
Habitat Glades and open woods, on rocky and sandy soils, often on slopes
Elevation 0–600 m (0–2000 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AL; AR; FL; GA; IL; IN; KY; LA; MO; MS; NC; OH; OK; SC; TN; TX; VA; WV; Mexico (Nuevo León, Tamaulipas)
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from USDA
se and sc United States; nw Mexico to Honduras and El Salvador
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Leaf shape and size in Manfreda virginica vary with soil type, amount of shade, length of cold period, and position of leaf in the rosette. Speckles and spots occur frequently on some leaves in most populations, and some authors have used the informal designation “forma tigrina for such variants. Pollination is primarily by sphinx moths (S. E. Verhoek 1978).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Species 26 (5 in the flora).

Most Manfreda species occur in Mexico. All species grow in rocky or sandy ground, frequently on slopes. At anther maturity, the style is shorter than the filaments, or bent downward away from the anthers. By stigma maturity on the third day, the style has elongated (and straightened). Manfreda has been included in both Agave and Polianthes in other floras.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Limb lobes erect; leaves semisucculent; se and c United States.
M. virginica
1. Limb lobes spreading or recurved; leaves succulent; s Texas.
→ 2
2. Perianth tube funnelform-campanulate; filaments and styles exserted by 3 cm or more; stigmas clavate, lobes not reflexed; tepals green or brownish.
→ 3
2. Perianth tube funnelform; filaments and styles included or shortly exserted to less than 2.2 cm; stigma not clavate, deeply 3-lobed, lobes recurved; tepals white or pale yellow to pink.
→ 4
3. Leaves erect-arching, blade linear-lanceolate; inflorescences lax; flowers spreading; filaments wide-spreading.
M. variegata
3. Leaves spreading, blade broadly lanceolate; inflorescences crowded; flowers nearly erect; filaments nearly erect.
M. sileri
4. Filaments exserted; ovary 6–19 mm; perianth tube not narrow, 0.6–2.6 cm; leaf margins minutely denticulate.
M. maculosa
4. Filaments included; ovary 4–6 mm; perianth tube narrow, 2.3–3.6 cm; leaf margins coarsely denticulate.
M. longiflora
Source FNA vol. 26, p. 463. FNA vol. 26, p. 462. Author: Susan Verhoek.
Parent taxa Agavaceae > Manfreda Agavaceae
Sibling taxa
M. longiflora, M. maculosa, M. sileri, M. variegata
Subordinate taxa
M. longiflora, M. maculosa, M. sileri, M. variegata, M. virginica
Synonyms Agave virginica, Agave lata, Agave tigrina, Agave virginica var. tigrina, M. tigrina, M. virginica subsp. lata, M. virginica var. tigrina, Polianthes lata, Polianthes virginica Agave section M.
Name authority (Linnaeus) Salisbury ex Rose: Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 8: 19. (1903) Salisbury: Gen. Pl., 78. (1866)
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