Madia sativa |
Asteraceae tribe Heliantheae subtribe Madiinae |
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Chile tarplant, Chile tarweed, Chilean tarplant, Chilean tarweed, coast tarweed, coastal tarweed |
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Habit | Plants (0.3–)35–100(–240) cm, self-compatible (heads not showy). | Annuals, perennials, subshrubs, or shrubs, (0.5–)1–250 cm. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stems | hirsute and glandular-pubescent, glands yellowish, purple, or black, lateral branches rarely surpassing main stems. |
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Leaves | blades broadly lanceolate to linear-oblong or linear, 2–18 cm × 3–18(–29) mm. |
mostly basal, or basal and cauline, or mostly cauline; opposite and/or alternate; usually sessile, rarely petiolate; blades usually spatulate to oblanceolate or linear to linear-elliptic, sometimes pinnately lobed, ultimate margins entire or toothed, faces usually hairy and glandular (glands sometimes elaborate, apices sometimes gland- or spine-tipped). |
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Involucres | ovoid to urceolate, 6–16 mm. |
campanulate, cylindric, ellipsoid, globose, fusiform, hemispheric, obconic, or urceolate. |
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Receptacles | flat or convex to conic, ± paleate (paleae either in 1 series interior to ray florets, then usually connate and persistent, or 1 palea subtending each disc floret, then usually distinct and soon falling, or, in discoid heads, paleae functioning as phyllaries in 1 series and together constituting an “involucre”). |
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Ray florets | (5–)8–13; corollas greenish yellow or sometimes purplish red abaxially or throughout, laminae 1.5–4 mm. |
0, or 1–75+, pistillate, fertile; corollas usually yellow or whitish, sometimes proximally yellow and distally whitish, often marked with red or purple or turning red on drying, rarely orange or red-orange (apices usually ± deeply divided, lobes usually 3, sometimes 2). |
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Disc florets | 11–14, bisexual, fertile; corollas 2–5 mm, pubescent; anthers ± dark purple. |
1–200+, bisexual and fertile, or functionally staminate; corollas usually yellow, sometimes brown, orange, reddish, or whitish, tubes much shorter than to about equaling cylindric to funnelform throats, lobes 5, deltate; anther thecae usually dark (reddish to purple, often described as “black”), sometimes pale (yellow to brown); stigmatic papillae in 2 lines. |
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Phyllaries | hirsute and glandular-pubescent, glands yellowish, purple, or black, apices erect or ± reflexed, flat. |
persistent or falling, 1–75+ in 1(–2) series or 0 (the “involucre” then interpreted as constituted of 1 series of receptacular paleae; phyllaries distinct or weakly connate, narrowly ovate to lanceolate or linear, equal or subequal, herbaceous, usually conduplicate, often each partly or wholly investing a subtended floret, apices often attenuate, faces usually glandular). |
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Calyculi | usually 0, sometimes 2–12+ bractlets (Centromadia, some members of Hemizonia and Lagophylla). |
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Heads | in usually crowded, paniculiform, racemiform, or spiciform arrays. |
usually radiate, rarely discoid, usually in corymbiform, glomerulate, paniculiform, spiciform, or ± umbelliform arrays, sometimes borne singly. |
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Cypselae | obcompressed, compressed, or terete, often obpyramidal, clavate, or fusiform, glabrous or hairy (ray and disc often different); pappi 0, or persistent or falling, of awns, bristles, or scales (sometimes in combination) in 1–2 series (the elements often ciliate or plumose). |
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Disc cypselae | similar. |
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Ray cypselae | black or brown, sometimes mottled, dull, compressed, beakless. |
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Paleae | mostly persistent, connate 1/2+ their lengths. |
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2n | = 32. |
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Madia sativa |
Asteraceae tribe Heliantheae subtribe Madiinae |
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Phenology | Flowering May–Oct. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Habitat | Grasslands, openings in shrublands and woods, disturbed sites, stream banks, roadsides | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elevation | 0–1000 m (0–3300 ft) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distribution |
CA; OR; WA; BC; South America (Argentina, Chile) [Pacific Islands (Hawaii, probably introduced)]
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HI; South America; Mostly w North America |
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Discussion | In North America, Madia sativa occurs on the Pacific Coast from California to British Columbia, sporadically in coastal ranges, and rarely eastward. Reports of M. sativa from Ontario and Quebec and from Alaska, Connecticut, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Vermont, and Wisconsin are putative waifs or misidentified M. glomerata. Molecular data and greenhouse studies have indicated that plants referable to M. capitata and M. sativa in California are not distinct (B. G. Baldwin, unpubl.). Sampled populations of M. sativa (including M. capitata) from California are somewhat divergent in DNA sequences from sampled Chilean populations, in apparent conflict with earlier suggestions that M. sativa was recently introduced to North America from South America by Europeans (Baldwin, unpubl.). Madia sativa has been cultivated for seed-oil in South America, Europe, Africa, and Asia Minor (E. Zardini 1992). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Genera 24, species 121 (20 genera, 83 species in the flora). Madiinae has long included the “tarweeds,” which are centered in or restricted to the California Floristic Province, the silversword alliance of the Hawaiian Islands (Argyroxiphium, Dubautia, and Wilkesia), and Raillardella (in a broad sense), which was formerly included in Senecioneae (Carlquist et al. 2003). Such a circumscription was used by H. Robinson (1981) and is followed here. In papers by B. G. Baldwin and B. Wessa (2000) and Baldwin et al. (2002), Madiinae were linked to genera traditionally included in Heliantheae (e.g., Eriophyllum, Hulsea, Lasthenia, Venegasia) and in Senecioneae (e.g., Arnica) and Madiinae plus Arnicinae, Baeriinae, Hulseinae, and Venegasiinae were included in tribe Madieae. Key to genera of Madiinae here is based on key by B. G. Baldwin (in S. Carlquist et al. 2003). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 21, p. 308. | FNA vol. 21, p. 254. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parent taxa | Asteraceae > tribe Heliantheae > subtribe Madiinae > Madia | Asteraceae > tribe Heliantheae | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Synonyms | M. capitata | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Name authority | Molina: Sag. Stor. Nat. Chili, 136. (1782) | Bentham & Hooker f.: Gen. Pl. 2: 198. (1873) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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