Lysimachia lanceolata |
Myrsinaceae |
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lance-leaf loosestrife |
myrsine family |
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Stems | erect, simple or sometimes branched distally, 1–10 dm, glabrous (rarely sparsely stipitate-glandular or pubescent near nodes); rhizomes slender; bulblets absent. |
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Leaves | opposite or whorled near stem apex, dimorphic; distal petioles absent or 0.1–0.7 cm, proximal 0.3–2(–3.5) cm, ciliate proximally, cilia 0.3–1.2(–2) mm; distal blades narrowly elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, proximal blades broadly elliptic or lanceolate, distal 3–18 × 0.2–1.6 cm, proximal 2–5 × 0.6–1.8 cm, bases of distal leaves cuneate, decurrent, bases of proximal leaves rounded to obtuse or cuneate, decurrent, margins entire (rarely serrulate), plane, ciliolate proximally, apex rounded to acute or acuminate, surfaces not punctate, glabrous; venation pinnate-arcuate. |
cauline, alternate, opposite, whorled, or pseudowhorled, simple; stipules absent; petiole present or absent; blade margins entire or sculpted. |
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Inflorescences | axillary, solitary flowers. |
terminal or axillary racemes, panicles, cymes, verticillasters (umbellate), or solitary flowers. |
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Pedicels | 1–5 cm, glabrous to sparsely stipitate-glandular (rarely pubescent). |
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Flowers | sepals 5, calyx not streaked, 3.5–8(–10) mm, glabrous or stipitate-glandular, lobes narrowly lanceolate to ovate, margins thin; petals 5, corolla yellow, sometimes with slightly reddish base, not streaked, rotate, 4–10 mm, lobes with margins slightly erose apically, apex apiculate or mucronate, sparsely stipitate-glandular adaxially; filaments distinct or nearly so, shorter than corolla; staminodes 0.7–1 mm. |
bisexual (unisexual in Myrsine), usually radially symmetric; perianth and androecium hypogynous; sepals 4–6(–9 in Trientalis and some Lysimachia), connate proximally; petals 4–6(–9 in Trientalis and some Lysimachia, absent in some Lysimachia), connate proximally to nearly distinct (Myrsine), corolla rotate, funnelform, campanulate, or salverform; nectaries absent or sometimes nectariferous hairs present; stamens usually 5 (sometimes 4 in Anagallis, 4–6 in Myrsine, or –9 in Trientalis), antipetalous, epipetalous (free in some Lysimachia); filaments distinct or connate; anthers dehiscent by longitudinal slits or apical pores; staminodes usually absent (present in Myrsine and some Lysimachia); pistils 1, 3–5-carpellate; ovary superior, 1-locular; placentation free-central with ± globose central axis; ovules anatropous to campylotropous, uni- or bitegmic, usually embedded in placenta, tenuinucellate; styles 1 or rudimentary (in some Myrsine), terminal; stigmas 1, usually capitate to truncate (punctiform in Ardisia, conic in Myrsine). |
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Fruits | capsular, dehiscence valvate or circumscissile, or drupaceous. |
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Capsules | 2–5 mm, usually not punctate, glabrous or slightly stipitate-glandular distally. |
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Seeds | 1–45, brown, reddish brown, black, or white, usually angular; embryo straight or curved; endosperm copious, starchless. |
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Perennial | or annual herbs, subshrubs, shrubs, or trees, deciduous (evergreen in Ardisia), often with secretory resin canals appearing as dark dots, streaks, or punctations on vegetative and/or floral parts. |
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2n | = 34. |
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Lysimachia lanceolata |
Myrsinaceae |
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Phenology | Flowering summer–fall. | |||||||||||||||||
Habitat | Moist roadsides, mixed and deciduous forests, edges of wet meadows, lake shores, swales in open prairie, rocky sites | |||||||||||||||||
Elevation | 0-1600 m (0-5200 ft) | |||||||||||||||||
Distribution |
AL; AR; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; IL; IN; KY; LA; MD; MI; MO; MS; NC; ND; NJ; OH; OK; PA; SC; TN; TX; VA; WI; WV; MB; ON
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Nearly worldwide; herbaceous mainly in temperate regions and woody taxa mainly tropical |
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Discussion | Reports of Lysimachia lanceolata from Connecticut and Maine were based on specimens of L. hybrida initially identified as L. lanceolata subsp. hybrida. V. J. Coffey and S. B. Jones (1980), using garden studies, concluded that this species differed from the similar Lysimachia hybrida in some features, mostly dealing with leaf shape and amount of marginal cilia. Herbarium specimens examined by me showed much more overlap in these characters; clearly these two species need further work. Coffey and Jones also reported, interestingly, that L. lanceolata was less susceptible to aphid infestation than L. hybrida. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
The largest genera in Myrsinaceae are the tropical Myrsine (300 species), Ardisia (400–500 species), and Embelia Burman f. (130 species), and the temperate Lysimachia (ca. 160 species). No genera are endemic to the flora area; some species (in Lysimachia) have been introduced and become naturalized. Ardisia elliptica is introduced and has been named a Category I Invasive Species by the Florida Exotic Plant Pest Council (http://www.fleppc.org/list/07list_ctrfld.pdf). Myrsinaceae is of limited economic value, mainly as ornamentals (some Anagallis, Ardisia, Lysimachia). Most taxa are pollinated by insects, particularly bees and flies, with nectar or pollen as rewards; some Lysimachia have oil-secreting hairs and are pollinated by oil-collecting bees (S. Vogel 1974+, vol. 2); selfing also occurs. Temperate seeds are dispersed by gravity, water, wind, or, possibly, ants or other ground-dwelling insects (B. Ståhl and A. A. Anderberg 2004). As circumscribed here, Myrsinaceae are closely related to Primulaceae and Theophrastaceae. M. Källersjö et al. (2000) and B. Ståhl and A. A. Anderberg (2004) removed the nonrosette terrestrial members from Primulaceae and placed them in the Myrsinaceae (see further discussion under Primulaceae). Additional evidence (A. A. Anderberg et al. 2007; L. Martins et al. 2003) indicates that Lysimachia is not monophyletic. Further, Glaux is now considered an apetalous member of Lysimachia (Anderberg et al.; Hao G. et al. 2004); Trientalis probably should be considered an extreme verticillate member of Lysimachia sect. Seleucia (Anderberg et al.; alluded to by J. D. Ray 1956); and some species of Anagallis are more closely related to Lysimachia (Anderberg et al.; M. Källersjö et al. 2000; Anderberg and B. Ståhl 1995) than to other members of Anagallis. More work is still needed to resolve these additional issues. Martins et al. presented nuclear rDNA evidence that Centunculus is basal within Lysimachieae and should not be included within Anagallis but this is not yet fully resolved. The phylogenetic position of Cyclamen, a scapose taxon, has not been resolved; Ståhl and Anderberg (2004) included it in this family because it shares developmental anatomy, leaf pigmentation, and other features. Our understanding of the family is clearly still in flux, and future taxonomic realignments at the familial and generic levels are to be expected. Genera ca. 50, species ca. 1400 (5 genera, 32 species in the flora). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 8, p. 313. | FNA vol. 8, p. 302. | ||||||||||||||||
Parent taxa | Myrsinaceae > Lysimachia | |||||||||||||||||
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Synonyms | L. angustifolia, L. heterophylla, L. lanceolata var. angustifolia, Nummularia lanceolata, Steironema heterophyllum, Steironema lanceolatum | |||||||||||||||||
Name authority | Walter: Fl. Carol., 92. 1788 , | R. Brown | ||||||||||||||||
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