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crooked-wood, dragon-wood, poor-grub, rusty staggerbush, staggerbush, tree lyonia

fetterbush, fetterbush lyonia, hurrah-bush, staggerbush

Habit Shrubs or trees, (ultimate branchlets spreading), to 6(–12) m. Stems erect, slightly angled. Shrubs, to 2.5(–5) m. Stems erect to arching, usually sharply 3-angled.
Leaves

persistent;

blade elliptic to obovate or ovate, 1–9 × 0.5–4.5 cm (those of branch apices equaling or only slightly smaller than those on lower portion of branches), coriaceous, base attenuate to narrowly or widely cuneate, margins entire or undulate, usually revolute distally, sometimes strongly so, apex acute or obtuse to mucronate, less commonly rounded, abaxial surface ferrugineous-lepidote, otherwise usually densely hairy, scales often of 2 sizes, at least smaller ones persistent, midvein and secondary veins usually at least slightly depressed, adaxial surface lepidote (scales caducous), hairy along midvein.

persistent;

blade narrowly to widely elliptic, obovate, or slightly ovate, 1–8.5(–10.5) × 0.5–4.5(–5.5) cm, rigidly coriaceous, base attenuate or cuneate to rounded, margins entire, usually revolute, apex acuminate to acute, rarely rounded, surfaces scattered, multicellular, glandular short-headed-hairy, not lepidote, otherwise glabrous or hairy on midvein adaxially, intramarginal vein present.

Inflorescences

fascicles, developing from buds beyond or intermixed with vegetative buds on branches of previous year;

bracts 1 per flower, linear-lanceolate, 1–2 mm.

fascicles, developing from buds along distal portion of stems of previous year;

bracts 1 per flower, linear-lanceolate, to 4 mm.

Pedicels

peltate-scaled, lepidote.

glandular-hairy, not lepidote.

Flowers

calyx lobes 1–2 × 0.5–1.2 mm, glabrous, lepidote;

corolla white, urceolate, 2–4 × 2–4 mm;

filaments 1–2.3 mm, roughened, without appendages or with 2 minute spurs.

calyx lobes 2–7.5 × 1–2 mm, glandular-hairy, not lepidote;

corolla usually pink, sometimes white or red, cylindric (base swollen), 5–9 × 2–5 mm;

filaments 3–5 mm, roughened, with 2 well-developed spurs.

Capsules

ovoid to ellipsoid, 3–6 × 3–4.5 mm, apex not constricted, lepidote, otherwise hairy;

sutures separating as unit from adjacent valves;

placentae subapical.

ovoid to ovoid-globose, 3–5 × 3–5 mm, apex slightly constricted, glabrous or short-headed-hairy;

sutures usually remaining attached to adjacent valve;

placentae central to nearly basal.

2n

= 24.

Lyonia ferruginea

Lyonia lucida

Phenology Flowering late winter–spring. Flowering early spring–spring.
Habitat Pine and/or oak forests, xerophytic scrub Moist, acid, pine flatwoods and savannas, streamhead pocosins and baygalls, acid blackwater swamps, shrub bogs and peat-based pocosins, pond margins
Elevation 0-100 m (0-300 ft) 0-200 m (0-700 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
FL; GA; SC
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AL; FL; GA; LA; MS; NC; SC; VA; West Indies (Cuba)
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Lyonia ferruginea is occasionally used as an ornamental; its stems are used in the manufacture of artificial foliage plants for use in interior design; it and L. fruticosa are most closely related to the lepidote species of Mexico and the West Indies. This species is probably reproductively isolated from L. fruticosa due to its flowering time (mainly February through May versus mainly March through July) and habitat preference (usually well versus poorly drained soils).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Lyonia lucida is occasionally used as an ornamental; it is most closely related to L. mariana. The Cuban populations tend to have slightly longer and more densely hairy calyx lobes than do those of the southeastern United States.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 8, p. 503. FNA vol. 8, p. 502.
Parent taxa Ericaceae > subfam. Vaccinioideae > Lyonia Ericaceae > subfam. Vaccinioideae > Lyonia
Sibling taxa
L. fruticosa, L. ligustrina, L. lucida, L. mariana
L. ferruginea, L. fruticosa, L. ligustrina, L. mariana
Synonyms Andromeda ferruginea, Xolisma ferruginea Andromeda lucida, Desmothamnus lucidus
Name authority (Walter) Nuttall: Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 1: 266. 1818 , (Lamarck) K. Koch: Dendrologie 2(1): 118. (1872)
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