Lupinus perennis |
Lupinus texensis |
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sundial lupine |
Texas bluebonnet, Texas lupine |
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Habit | Herbs, perennial, 2–8 dm, glabrous or densely shaggy; rhizomatous, patch-forming. | Herbs, annual, 1.5–4 dm, pubescent, hair appressed or ascending. |
Stems | erect, unbranched or sparsely branched distally, usually hollow. |
ascending or erect, branched. |
Leaves | cauline; stipules 4–12 mm, longer proximally becoming smaller distally; petiole (2–)5–10(–15) cm; leaflets 7–11, blades (15–)20–45(–50) × 4–15 mm, abaxial surface appressed to spreading hairy, strigose, adaxial surface green, glabrous. |
cauline, crowded near base; petiole 2–6 cm; leaflets 5 or 6(or 7), blades 10–25 × 6–12 mm, adaxial surface glabrous. |
Racemes | 8–20(–30) cm; flowers spirally arranged or whorled. |
2–12 cm; flowers spirally arranged. |
Peduncles | (2.5–)4–9 cm; bracts tardily deciduous, 3–6 mm. |
3–6 cm; bracts deciduous, 2–3 mm. |
Pedicels | (3–)5–7(–10) mm. |
4–6 mm. |
Flowers | (8–)12–16 mm; calyx abaxial lobe slightly 3-dentate, 5–6 mm, adaxial lobe notched, 4–5 mm; corolla usually blue, sometimes pink or white, banner glabrous abaxially, upper keel margins ciliate. |
10–13 mm; calyx 6–8 mm, abaxial lobe entire or cleft, 4–5 mm, adaxial lobe cleft, 2–3 mm, hairs silvery; corolla usually dark blue, rarely white, banner spot bright white, keel glabrous, wings flat. |
Legumes | 3–5 cm, villous. |
2.5–3.5 cm, white silky-villous. |
Cotyledons | deciduous, petiolate. |
deciduous, petiolate. |
Seeds | 5 or 6. |
4 or 5. |
2n | = 48, 96. |
= 36. |
Lupinus perennis |
Lupinus texensis |
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Phenology | Flowering (Mar–)Apr–Jul(–Oct). | Flowering spring–summer. |
Habitat | Sandy soils in dry areas, pine barrens, openings in oak or conifer forests, bluffs, meadows, roadsides. | Prairies, open fields, pastures, roadsides. |
Elevation | 0–500 m. (0–1600 ft.) | 0–600 m. (0–2000 ft.) |
Distribution |
AL; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; IL; IN; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MS; NC; NH; NJ; NY; OH; PA; RI; SC; TX; VA; VT; WI; WV; ON [Introduced in Asia (China)]
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FL; LA; OK; TX; Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo Léon, Tamaulipas)
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Discussion | Shorter plants with more basal leaves have been recognized as subsp. gracilis; intermediates between the named varieties are abundant. Variety occidentalis was described from Michigan and Wisconsin as differing by its dense pubescence, which is a variable trait. In the northern part of its range, Lupinus perennis is sympatric with L. polyphyllus and can be differentiated because the latter has more leaflets and a glabrous keel. Lupinus perennis is of conservation concern in some states and is an important host plant for lepidopterans; the federally endangered Karner Blue butterfly relies on L. perennis as a larval host plant and sundial lupine also is a larval host plant for Frosted Elfin (Callophrys irus) and Wild Indigo Duskywing (Erynnis baptisiae) butterflies and several species of moths. Lupinus perennis is toxic and potentially fatal to livestock, due to the alkaloid D-lupaine (M. Wink et al. 1995). Lupinus gracilis Nuttall (1834, not Kunth 1824) is an illegitimate name that pertains here. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Lupinus texensis is introduced in Florida in Alachua and Pinellas counties. In Texas, it is widespread in the southern two-thirds of the state. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 11. | FNA vol. 11. |
Parent taxa | Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Lupinus | Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Lupinus |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | L. nuttallii, L. perennis subsp. gracilis, L. perennis var. gracilis, L. perennis var. occidentalis | |
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 721. (1753) | Hooker: Bot. Mag. 63: plate 3492. (1836) |
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