Lupinus perennis |
Lupinus brevicaulis |
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sundial lupine |
sand lupine, short stem blue lupine, short-stem lupine |
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Habit | Herbs, perennial, 2–8 dm, glabrous or densely shaggy; rhizomatous, patch-forming. | Herbs, annual, usually less than 1 dm, pubescent, hairs more than 1 mm. |
Stems | erect, unbranched or sparsely branched distally, usually hollow. |
very short, tufted, branched. |
Leaves | cauline; stipules 4–12 mm, longer proximally becoming smaller distally; petiole (2–)5–10(–15) cm; leaflets 7–11, blades (15–)20–45(–50) × 4–15 mm, abaxial surface appressed to spreading hairy, strigose, adaxial surface green, glabrous. |
cauline, crowded near base; stipules well developed; petiole 1–6 cm; leaflets (3 or)5–9, blades 8–20 × 2–9 mm, adaxial surface glabrous. |
Racemes | 8–20(–30) cm; flowers spirally arranged or whorled. |
dense, 3–16-flowered, 1–8 cm; flowers spirally arranged, crowded. |
Peduncles | (2.5–)4–9 cm; bracts tardily deciduous, 3–6 mm. |
1–8(–10) cm; bracts persistent, straight, 2–3 mm. |
Pedicels | (3–)5–7(–10) mm. |
0.3–1.5 mm. |
Flowers | (8–)12–16 mm; calyx abaxial lobe slightly 3-dentate, 5–6 mm, adaxial lobe notched, 4–5 mm; corolla usually blue, sometimes pink or white, banner glabrous abaxially, upper keel margins ciliate. |
6–8 mm; calyx abaxial lobe entire or shallowly cleft, ± 6 mm, adaxial lobe 2-toothed, 3 mm, less than 1/2 as long as abaxial; corolla bright blue, banner spot white or yellow, keel glabrous. |
Legumes | 3–5 cm, villous. |
not undulate, 1 cm, thinly pilose to coarsely hirsute. |
Cotyledons | deciduous, petiolate. |
persistent, disclike, sessile. |
Seeds | 5 or 6. |
1 or 2, smooth. |
2n | = 48, 96. |
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Lupinus perennis |
Lupinus brevicaulis |
|
Phenology | Flowering (Mar–)Apr–Jul(–Oct). | Flowering spring. |
Habitat | Sandy soils in dry areas, pine barrens, openings in oak or conifer forests, bluffs, meadows, roadsides. | Sandy washes, open areas, grasslands, pinyon pine-juniper forests, creosote bush scrub, mesquite. |
Elevation | 0–500 m. (0–1600 ft.) | 300–2400 m. (1000–7900 ft.) |
Distribution |
AL; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; IL; IN; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MS; NC; NH; NJ; NY; OH; PA; RI; SC; TX; VA; VT; WI; WV; ON [Introduced in Asia (China)]
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AZ; CA; CO; NM; NV; OR; UT; WY; Mexico (Chihuahua, Sonora)
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Discussion | Shorter plants with more basal leaves have been recognized as subsp. gracilis; intermediates between the named varieties are abundant. Variety occidentalis was described from Michigan and Wisconsin as differing by its dense pubescence, which is a variable trait. In the northern part of its range, Lupinus perennis is sympatric with L. polyphyllus and can be differentiated because the latter has more leaflets and a glabrous keel. Lupinus perennis is of conservation concern in some states and is an important host plant for lepidopterans; the federally endangered Karner Blue butterfly relies on L. perennis as a larval host plant and sundial lupine also is a larval host plant for Frosted Elfin (Callophrys irus) and Wild Indigo Duskywing (Erynnis baptisiae) butterflies and several species of moths. Lupinus perennis is toxic and potentially fatal to livestock, due to the alkaloid D-lupaine (M. Wink et al. 1995). Lupinus gracilis Nuttall (1834, not Kunth 1824) is an illegitimate name that pertains here. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Lupinus brevicaulis resembles L. flavoculatus except that its flowers are smaller. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 11. | FNA vol. 11. |
Parent taxa | Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Lupinus | Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Lupinus |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | L. nuttallii, L. perennis subsp. gracilis, L. perennis var. gracilis, L. perennis var. occidentalis | |
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 721. (1753) | S. Watson: Botany (Fortieth Parallel), 53, plate 7, figs. 1–4. (1871) |
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