Lupinus arboreus |
Lupinus arcticus |
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coastal bush lupine, tree lupine, yellow bush lupine |
arctic lupine |
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Habit | Shrubs, usually 5–20 dm, green-glabrous or silver-hairy. | Herbs, perennial, 1–4 dm, hairs thinly appressed silky-sericeous, or few to many and spreading; caudex superficial, divisions closely tufted. |
Stems | ascending or erect, branched, woody. |
ascending to erect, hollow, tufted, branched at crown. |
Leaves | cauline; stipules 8–12 mm; petiole 2–3(–6) cm; leaflets 5–12, blades 20–60 × 3–10 mm, adaxial surface glabrous. |
mostly basal with a few cauline proximal to inflorescences; stipules 8–10 mm; petiole 5–19 cm; leaflets 6–10, blades 13–90 × 10–15 mm, abaxial surface thinly strigose, adaxial surface glabrous. |
Racemes | 10–30 cm; flowers whorled or not. |
5–8(–15 in fruit) cm; flowers spirally arranged or in 3–7 whorls. |
Peduncles | 4–10 cm; bracts deciduous, 8–10 mm. |
4–8.5 cm; bracts caducous to tardily deciduous, 8–14 mm. |
Pedicels | 4–10 mm. |
4–6 mm. |
Flowers | 14–18 mm; calyx bulge or spur 0–1 mm, abaxial lobe entire, 5–7 mm, adaxial lobe 2-toothed, 5–9 mm; corolla usually yellow, rarely lilac to purple, banner patch darker or not or white, banner glabrous abaxially, lower keel margins glabrous, adaxial margin ciliate from claw to tip. |
14–19(–21) mm; calyx bulge or spur 0–1 mm, abaxial lobe 6–11 mm, entire or faintly notched at tip, adaxial lobe ± gibbous basally, adaxial lobe teeth with slight notch at tip, 4–8 mm; corolla usually blue to purplish, sometimes pink, rarely white, banner spot white or yellow, sometimes becoming purple, banner glabrous abaxially, lower keel margins densely ciliate near claw or glabrous or sparsely ciliate towards tip, adaxial margin glabrous or sparsely ciliate towards tips. |
Legumes | 4–7 cm, hairy. |
2–4.3 cm, silky-pilose. |
Cotyledons | deciduous, petiolate. |
deciduous, petiolate. |
Seeds | 8–12, black to tan, often striped lighter, 4–5 mm. |
5–8, mottled. |
2n | = 48. |
= 48. |
Lupinus arboreus |
Lupinus arcticus |
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Phenology | Flowering Apr–Jul. | Flowering Jun–Aug. |
Habitat | Coastal bluffs, dunes, disturbed sand. | Well-drained hummocks of alpine and arctic tundra, moist to mesic meadows, gravel bars, clearings, roadsides, thickets, open forests. |
Elevation | 0–100 m. (0–300 ft.) | 0–2000 m. (0–6600 ft.) |
Distribution |
CA; OR; WA; BC; Mexico (Baja California) [Introduced in South America (Argentina, Chile), Europe, Pacific Islands (New Zealand), Australia (including Tasmania)]
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AK; BC; NT; NU; YT
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Discussion | Lupinus arboreus is known from the central California coast southward to northern Baja California; it was introduced as a sand binder and has become naturalized in northern California, Oregon, Washington, and southern British Columbia. Lupinus arboreus grades into L. rivularis in the North Coast of California. Plants with yellow petals and sweet-smelling flowers are widely cultivated as a sand binder. Hairier plants from the western San Francisco Bay area with yellow banners and blue wings have been called var. eximius; plants with glabrous leaflets and purple petals have been called L. propinquus. Lupinus arboreus hybridizes with L. littoralis and probably other species. Seeds of L. arboreus species are toxic. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
The relationship between Lupinus arcticus and L. latifolius is unclear. They may be distinguished by the presence of proximal keel ciliation in L. latifolius, and basal rather than cauline leaves dominating in L. arcticus. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 11. | FNA vol. 11. |
Parent taxa | Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Lupinus | Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Lupinus |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | L. arboreus var. eximius, L. propinquus | L. borealis, L. donnellyensis, L. gakonensis, L. multicaulis, L. multifolius, L. nootkatensis var. kjellmannii, L. polyphyllus subsp. arcticus, L. toklatensis, L. yukonensis |
Name authority | Sims: Bot. Mag. 18: plate 682. (1803) | S. Watson: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 8: 526. (1873) |
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