Ludwigia peruviana |
Ludwigia peploides |
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Peruvian primrose-willow |
creeping water primrose, floating primrose-willow, marsh purslane |
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Habit | Herbs often woody at base, with peeling bark. | Herbs or emergent aquatics, rooting at nodes, sometimes with fleshy, white pneumatophores at submerged nodes. | ||||||||
Stems | usually ridged, rarely succulent, profusely branched, 100–400 cm, usually villous, rarely glabrous, hairs deciduous in age, multicellular, usually tawny. |
floating or creeping and ascending to erect, terete, 10–100(–300) cm, simple or branched, glabrous or sparsely to densely villous, hairs sometimes viscid on emergent distal stem. |
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Leaves | stipules deciduous, narrowly deltate, 1–1.5 × 0.3–0.5 mm, setaceous; petiole 0–1.5 cm; blade usually lanceolate, elliptic or broadly elliptic, sometimes ovate, obovate, or rounded, 2–45 × 1–10 cm, base obtuse or cuneate, rarely asymmetrical, margins entire or gland-toothed, apex usually acute or acuminate, rarely rounded and emarginate, mostly scabrid, membranous or papery, surfaces usually villous, sometimes glabrous; bracts usually not strongly reduced. |
stipules broadly ovate-deltate, 0.6–1.6 × 0.4–1 mm, succulent, apex acute or obtuse, gland-tipped, rarely divided into 3 parts; petiole flattened or narrowly winged, 0.2–6 cm; blade narrowly oblong or elliptic to ovate, broadly obovate, or orbiculate, (0.4–)1–10 × 0.4–4 cm, base narrowly cuneate or attenuate, margins entire, apex obtuse or rounded to acute, sometimes mucronate or glandular-mucronate, surfaces of floating leaves glabrous, those of emergent leaves glabrous to sparsely or densely strigillose at least adaxially; bracts scarcely reduced. |
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Inflorescences | leafy racemes, flowers solitary in distal axils; bracteoles deciduous, usually attached near base or on lower 1/2 of ovary, sometimes on upper pedicel, subtended by reduced, glandlike stipels, ovate or lanceolate to linear, 5–20 × 1–6 mm, apex acute or short-acuminate, surfaces villous. |
on emergent stems sometimes in leafy racemes, flowers solitary in leaf axils; bracteoles (rarely absent), deltate, squamate, 0.5–1 × 0.5–1 mm, apex acute, attached near base or on lower 1/2 of ovary. |
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Flowers | sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 10–23 × 4–9 mm, apex acute or short-acuminate, sometimes glandular-serrulate; petals bright yellow, orbiculate or obovate, 10–40 × 10–40 mm, apex rarely emarginate, short-clawed; stamens 8(or 10) in 2 unequal series, yellow, shorter filaments 1.5–4 mm, longer ones 3.5–5 mm, anthers oblong, 3–6 mm; ovary obconic, 4- or 5-angled, sometimes subterete, 5–20 × 3–7 mm, narrowed to pedicel, usually densely villous, sometimes glabrous; nectary disc elevated 0.3–3.2 mm on ovary apex, 4–6 mm diam., 4(or 5)-lobed, sunken, ringed by long, white hairs; style 1.5–3.5 mm, stigma globose, 1.6–3.5 × 1.8–3.5 mm, usually as long as stamens, rarely exserted beyond them. |
sepals narrowly deltate or lanceolate, 3–12 × 1.5–4 mm, apex acute or acuminate, surfaces glabrous or sparsely to densely hirtellous; petals yellow, obpyramidal,7–24 × 4–13 mm, apex mucronate or emarginate, up-curved; stamens 10(or 12), in 2 unequal series, bright yellow, filaments suberect or reflexed, shorter ones 1.4–4.2 mm, longer ones (1.9–)3.3–6 mm, anthers oblong, 0.5–2.2 mm; ovary subcylindric or truncate, 6–20 × 1.5–3 mm, apex somewhat broader, glabrous or sparsely to densely hirtellous; nectary disc slightly raised on ovary apex, 2–2.5 mm diam., lobed, glabrous or fringed with long hairs; style (1.9–)2.4–7.3 mm, glabrous or sparsely to densely hirtellous on proximal 1/2, stigma flattened-globose, 0.9–1.2 × 1–2.5 mm, sometimes shallowly or deeply 5-lobed, as long as or exserted beyond anthers. |
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Capsules | ± sharply 4- or 5-angled, 10–40 × 6–13 mm, thin-walled, irregularly dehiscent, pedicel 5–65 mm. |
cylindric, subterete to obscurely 5-angled, straight or curved, 10–40 × 2–4 mm, with thick woody walls, irregularly and tardily dehiscent, pedicel 7–60(–90) mm. |
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Seeds | brown or reddish brown, oblong, 0.6–0.9 × 0.3–0.4 mm, rounded at ends, with inconspicuous raphe. |
embedded in elongated piece of endocarp, 1–1.5 × 0.9–1.3 mm. |
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2n | = 64, 80, 96, 128. |
= 16. |
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Ludwigia peruviana |
Ludwigia peploides |
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Phenology | Flowering Jun–Aug(–Sep) (sometimes in any month). | |||||||||
Habitat | Wet places, ditches, drainage canals, sloughs, swales, marshy shores, wet clearings. | |||||||||
Elevation | 0–200[–2600] m. [0–700[–8500] ft.] | |||||||||
Distribution |
AL; FL; GA; NC; TX; Central America; South America; Mexico (Chiapas, Durango, Oaxaca, Puebla, Tabasco, Veracruz); West Indies [Introduced in Eurasia (India, Indonesia, Singapore, Sri Lanka), Australia]
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United States; Mexico; Central America; South America; West Indies (Cuba); Asia (China); Pacific Islands (Galapagos Islands) [Introduced in Europe (France), elsewhere in the Pacific Islands (New Zealand, Society Islands), Australia]
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Discussion | Ludwigia peruviana is sometimes cultivated and naturalized, which may account for occurrences in North America and Eurasia. Except in the Amazon basin, where it is known only from few collections in western Amazonia, and in northeastern Brazil, where it is scarce, L. peruviana is common throughout its range, and may behave as a weed, especially along slow-flowing canals and drainage ditches. Ludwigia peruviana is also naturalized at scattered localities in Asia (P. H. Raven 1963[1964]) and around Sydney, Australia. The earliest collection from Asia is labeled “ex horto bot. Bogoriensi Javae misit 1869” (Raven). It also occurs locally in the Nilgiri Mountains of southwest India and in Sri Lanka, as well as in scattered locations in Bangka, Java, Malaysia, and Sumatra from sea level to 1000 m (Raven 1963[1964], 1978). Jussiaea grandiflora Ruíz & Pavon, a synonym for J. peruviana Linnaeus, appeared in 1830, not in 1802 (P. A. Munz 1942; P. H. Raven 1963[1964]); it is a later homonym of J. grandiflora Michaux (1803), as reported in W. Greuter and T. Raus (1987). Jussiaea hirta (Linnaeus) Swartz is an illegitimate homonym and J. hirta (Linnaeus) Vahl is an illegitimate isonym; both pertain here. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Subspecies 4 (3 in the flora). Ludwigia peploides consists of four subspecies more or less well defined geographically and morphologically, with three present in the flora area: subsp. glabrescens, subsp. montevidensis, and subsp. peploides (P. H. Raven 1963[1964]); these subspecies have ranges that are mostly distinct. Subspecies peploides has a wide distribution in the New World, from the southern United States south to Argentina. Subspecies glabrescens is widespread in eastern United States. Subspecies montevidensis occurs primarily in southern South America and scattered (probably introduced) in the southern United States, Australia, France, and New Zealand. Subspecies peploides and montevidensis occur together locally in California and Louisiana, where subsp. montevidensis is introduced. The ranges of subsp. glabrescens and peploides come together in Texas. Subspecies stipulacea (Ohwi) P. H. Raven is known from eastern Asia (e China). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 10. | FNA vol. 10. | ||||||||
Parent taxa | ||||||||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||||||
Subordinate taxa | ||||||||||
Synonyms | Jussiaea peruviana, J. hirsuta, J. macrocarpa, J. mollis, J. peruviana var. glaberrima, J. speciosa, J. sprengeri, L. hirta, Oenothera hirta | Jussiaea peploides, J. repens var. peploides, L. adscendens var. peploides | ||||||||
Name authority | (Linnaeus) H. Hara: J. Jap. Bot. 28: 293. (1953) | (Kunth) P. H. Raven: Reinwardtia 6: 393. (1964) | ||||||||
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