Ludwigia palustris |
Ludwigia simpsonii |
|
---|---|---|
common water-primrose, eastern false loosestrife, ludwigie palustre, marsh primrose-willow, marsh purslane, marsh seedbox, water-purslane |
Simpson's primrose-willow |
|
Habit | Herbs often creeping, rooting at nodes, forming mats. | Herbs sometimes creeping and rooting at nodes, new shoots arising from trailing stems or main caudex, rarely forming stolons. |
Stems | prostrate or decumbent and ascending at tips, subterete or with raised lines decurrent from leaf axils, well branched, 10–50(–70) cm, glabrous or, sometimes, minutely strigillose on leaf margins and inflorescence. |
erect, ascending, decumbent, or prostrate, slightly ridged, well branched, 10–60(–75) cm, glabrous, with raised lines decurrent from leaf axils. |
Leaves | opposite; stipules narrowly deltate, 0.05–0.1 × 0.05–0.1 mm; petiole narrowly winged, 0.1–2.5 cm, blade narrowly to broadly elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 0.5–4.5 × 0.3–2.3 cm, base abruptly attenuate, margins entire and minutely strigillose, apex subacute, surfaces glabrous; bracts not reduced. |
alternate or proximal pairs opposite; stipules narrowly ovate-deltate, 0.1–0.3 × 0.1–0.2 mm, succulent; petiole winged, 0.2–1 cm, blade spatulate or oblanceolate to very narrowly oblanceolate or sublinear, 0.6–1.5(–2) × (0.1–)0.3–0.7(–1.1) cm, base attenuate, margins subentire with hydathodal glands, apex acute or mucronate; bracts not much reduced. |
Inflorescences | leafy spikes or racemes, flowers usually paired in leaf axils of prostrate stems; bracteoles attached at base or to 2.5 mm distal to base of ovary, sublinear, 0.3–1(–1.8) × 0.1–0.8 mm. |
open, leafy spikes or racemes, flowers solitary in leaf axils; bracteoles attached in opposite pairs near base of ovary, lanceolate-elliptic, 0.9–1.5(–2.5) × 0.4–0.9 mm, swollen at base, apex acuminate. |
Flowers | sepals ascending, green, ovate-deltate, 1.1–2 × 1–2.1 mm, margins finely serrulate with minute hairs, apex acuminate, sometimes with blunt tip, surfaces glabrous; petals 0; filaments translucent, 0.4–0.6 mm, anthers 0.2–0.4 × 0.3–0.6 mm; pollen shed singly; ovary oblong, 1.5–3.5 × 1–2 mm, glabrate; nectary disc elevated 0.15–0.3 mm on ovary apex, green, 1–2 mm diam., 4-lobed, glabrous; style pale green, 0.3–0.7 mm, glabrous, stigma subglobose or capitate, 0.4–0.6 × 0.2–0.4 mm, not exserted beyond anthers. |
sepals ascending, creamy white near base adaxially, ovate-deltate, 1.2–1.8 × 1–2 mm, margins entire, apex narrowly acute or acuminate, surfaces glabrous; petals 0 or very rare; filaments nearly translucent, 0.5–0.8 mm, anthers 0.2–0.4 × 0.3–0.4 mm; pollen shed singly; ovary obconic, subterete or scarcely 4-angled, 1.2–1.8 × 1.2–2 mm; nectary disc elevated 0.3–0.4 mm on ovary apex, green, 0.9–1.3 mm diam., distinctly 4-lobed, glabrous; style pale green, 0.4–0.6 mm, stigma pale yellow, subglobose, 0.2–0.3 × 0.2–0.3 mm, not exserted beyond anthers. |
Capsules | oblong obovoid, 4-angled, (1.6–)2–5 × 1.5–3(–3.5) mm, thin-walled, irregularly dehiscent or dispersing as unit, pedicel 0–0.5 mm. |
obconic, obscurely 4-angled, 1.5–2.5 × 1.5–3 mm, hard-walled, dehiscent by loculicidal slits, pedicel 0–0.4 mm. |
Seeds | yellowish brown, ellipsoid, 0.5–0.7 × 0.3–0.4 mm, surface cells transversely elongate. |
light brown or brown, ellipsoid, 0.5–0.6 × 0.3–0.4 mm, surface cells transversely elongate, glabrous, occasionally covered by minute waxy hairs. |
2n | = 16. |
= 48. |
Ludwigia palustris |
Ludwigia simpsonii |
|
Phenology | Flowering Feb–Oct. | Flowering Apr–Nov (year-round). |
Habitat | Roadside ditches, wet meadows, dried pond bottoms, margins of ponds, swamps, rivers, alluvial sand bars. | Sandy, peaty ditches, open pineland swamps, edges of cypress swamps, tidal flats and nearby marshes, limestone sinks. |
Elevation | 0–1000[–2700] m. (0–3300[–8900] ft.) | 0–50 m. (0–200 ft.) |
Distribution |
AL; AR; AZ; CA; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; NC; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; TN; TX; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; BC; NB; NF; NS; ON; QC; Mexico (Chiapas, Chihuahua, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México, Michoacán, Morelos, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Veracruz); West Indies (Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Puerto Rico); Bermuda; Central America (Costa Rica, Guatemala, Panama); South America (Colombia, Peru, Venezuela); Europe; sw Asia; Africa; introduced in Pacific Islands (Hawaii, New Zealand); Australia
|
FL; MS; West Indies (Cuba, Jamaica) |
Discussion | Ludwigia palustris is a common diploid and most widely distributed species in sect. Isnardia. It is particularly widespread in temperate North America and in Europe [the type is thought to be from Europe (P. H. Raven 1963[1964]; C. I. Peng et al. 2005)], more sporadically in Africa and sw Asia, and introduced in Australasia, and Hawaii. The close sister relationship of sect. Isnardia with sect. Miquelia (L. ovalis Miquel only, endemic to eastern Asia) suggests that this clade may have had a history connected with the evolution of the Arcto-Tertiary Geoflora (P. H. Raven and D. I. Axelrod 1974; Peng et al.). Ludwigia palustris is known to hybridize with L. brevipes producing the sterile L. ×lacustris Eames. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Ludwigia simpsonii is a hexaploid species occurring primarily in Florida, with outlier populations in southern Mississippi, western Cuba, and Jamaica. The species grows frequently in close proximity to L. curtissii; it grows mainly along roadside ditches with other weeds, whereas L. curtissii grows in less disturbed habitats, and the two seldom occur side by side (C. I. Peng 1989). Peng (1988, 1989) suggested that the hexaploid (2n = 48) L. simpsonii and the diploid (2n = 16) L. microcarpa gave rise to L. curtissii, the only octoploid (2n = 64) in sect. Isnardia. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 10. | FNA vol. 10. |
Parent taxa | Onagraceae > subfam. Ludwigioideae > Ludwigia > sect. Isnardia | Onagraceae > subfam. Ludwigioideae > Ludwigia > sect. Isnardia |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Isnardia palustris, I. ascendens, I. nitida, I. palustris var. americana, L. apetala, L. nitida, L. palustris var. americana, L. palustris var. inundata, L. palustris var. liebmannii, L. palustris var. nana, L. palustris var. pacifica | L. cubensis, L. curtissii var. simpsonii |
Name authority | (Linnaeus) Elliott: Sketch Bot. S. Carolina 1: 211. (1817) | Chapman: Fl. South. U.S. ed. 2 repr. 2, 685. (1892) — (as simpsoni) |
Web links |
|