Ludwigia palustris |
Ludwigia arcuata |
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common water-primrose, eastern false loosestrife, ludwigie palustre, marsh primrose-willow, marsh purslane, marsh seedbox, water-purslane |
Piedmont primrose-willow |
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Habit | Herbs often creeping, rooting at nodes, forming mats. | Herbs usually creeping and rooting at nodes, forming mats. |
Stems | prostrate or decumbent and ascending at tips, subterete or with raised lines decurrent from leaf axils, well branched, 10–50(–70) cm, glabrous or, sometimes, minutely strigillose on leaf margins and inflorescence. |
prostrate or decumbent and ascending at tips, slightly ridged, often well branched, 5–70 cm, glabrate to sparsely strigillose, denser on distal parts. |
Leaves | opposite; stipules narrowly deltate, 0.05–0.1 × 0.05–0.1 mm; petiole narrowly winged, 0.1–2.5 cm, blade narrowly to broadly elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 0.5–4.5 × 0.3–2.3 cm, base abruptly attenuate, margins entire and minutely strigillose, apex subacute, surfaces glabrous; bracts not reduced. |
opposite; stipules narrowly deltate or ovate, 0.05–0.15 × 0.05–0.1 mm; submerged stems: petiole 0–0.2 cm, blade narrowly linear, 1.9–4 ×0.1–0.25 cm; emergent stems: petiole 0–0.2 cm, blade narrowly elliptic or narrowly oblanceolate-elliptic to linear, 0.6–1.8 × 0.2–0.5 cm, base narrowly cuneate, margins entire, apex acute, surfaces glabrous or sparingly strigillose on margins and abaxial midveins; bracts reduced. |
Inflorescences | leafy spikes or racemes, flowers usually paired in leaf axils of prostrate stems; bracteoles attached at base or to 2.5 mm distal to base of ovary, sublinear, 0.3–1(–1.8) × 0.1–0.8 mm. |
in racemes or spikes, well-formed on ascending stems, not on prostrate stems; bracteoles attached at base of ovary or 1.5–8 mm proximally on pedicels, sublinear to very narrowly elliptic, 1.4–5 × 0.2–0.8 mm, apex acute, surfaces minutely strigillose. |
Flowers | sepals ascending, green, ovate-deltate, 1.1–2 × 1–2.1 mm, margins finely serrulate with minute hairs, apex acuminate, sometimes with blunt tip, surfaces glabrous; petals 0; filaments translucent, 0.4–0.6 mm, anthers 0.2–0.4 × 0.3–0.6 mm; pollen shed singly; ovary oblong, 1.5–3.5 × 1–2 mm, glabrate; nectary disc elevated 0.15–0.3 mm on ovary apex, green, 1–2 mm diam., 4-lobed, glabrous; style pale green, 0.3–0.7 mm, glabrous, stigma subglobose or capitate, 0.4–0.6 × 0.2–0.4 mm, not exserted beyond anthers. |
sepals reflexed or spreading, green, lanceolate-deltate, 5.2–10 ×1.5–2.7 mm, with 3 prominent parallel veins, margins entire and minutely strigillose, apex acute or elongate-acuminate, surfaces minutely strigillose abaxially; petals rarely caducous, elliptic-obovate to spatulate-obovate, 7–11 × 4.5–8 mm, base attenuate, apex rounded; filaments initially spreading, becoming erect, yellow, 2.5–4.5 mm, anthers 1.3–2 × 0.7–1.1 mm; pollen shed in tight tetrads; ovary cylindric to funnelform, 4–5.5 × 1.5–2.8 mm; nectary disc elevated 0.6–1 mm on ovary apex, 1.5–2.6 mm diam., bright yellow, with 4 distinct domed lobes, minutely strigillose between lobes or glabrous; style yellow, 2.3–4(–4.8) mm, glabrous, stigma yellow, broadly capitate, 0.3–0.6 × 0.6–1.8 mm, as long as or exserted beyond anthers. |
Capsules | oblong obovoid, 4-angled, (1.6–)2–5 × 1.5–3(–3.5) mm, thin-walled, irregularly dehiscent or dispersing as unit, pedicel 0–0.5 mm. |
clavate, subterete, sometimes slightly curved, 5.5–10 × 2.3–4 mm, hard-walled, irregularly dehiscent, pedicel (12–)17–45 mm. |
Seeds | yellowish brown, ellipsoid, 0.5–0.7 × 0.3–0.4 mm, surface cells transversely elongate. |
light to dark brown, elliptic-oblong, 0.5–0.7 × 0.3–0.4 mm, surface cells transversely elongate. |
2n | = 16. |
= 32. |
Ludwigia palustris |
Ludwigia arcuata |
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Phenology | Flowering Feb–Oct. | Flowering Mar–Aug. |
Habitat | Roadside ditches, wet meadows, dried pond bottoms, margins of ponds, swamps, rivers, alluvial sand bars. | Roadside ditches, edges of lakes or ponds, swampy prairies, springs, mucky or sandy beach strands. |
Elevation | 0–1000[–2700] m. (0–3300[–8900] ft.) | 0–150 m. (0–500 ft.) |
Distribution |
AL; AR; AZ; CA; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; NC; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; TN; TX; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; BC; NB; NF; NS; ON; QC; Mexico (Chiapas, Chihuahua, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México, Michoacán, Morelos, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Veracruz); West Indies (Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Puerto Rico); Bermuda; Central America (Costa Rica, Guatemala, Panama); South America (Colombia, Peru, Venezuela); Europe; sw Asia; Africa; introduced in Pacific Islands (Hawaii, New Zealand); Australia
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AL; FL; GA; SC |
Discussion | Ludwigia palustris is a common diploid and most widely distributed species in sect. Isnardia. It is particularly widespread in temperate North America and in Europe [the type is thought to be from Europe (P. H. Raven 1963[1964]; C. I. Peng et al. 2005)], more sporadically in Africa and sw Asia, and introduced in Australasia, and Hawaii. The close sister relationship of sect. Isnardia with sect. Miquelia (L. ovalis Miquel only, endemic to eastern Asia) suggests that this clade may have had a history connected with the evolution of the Arcto-Tertiary Geoflora (P. H. Raven and D. I. Axelrod 1974; Peng et al.). Ludwigia palustris is known to hybridize with L. brevipes producing the sterile L. ×lacustris Eames. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Ludwigia arcuata is common in its range, but geographically restricted to central and western parts of peninsular Florida and adjacent Georgia, extending to southern South Carolina. Disjunct populations have been collected in Bibb County in central Georgia and Mobile County, Alabama. The tetraploid Ludwigia arcuata has the largest flowers in sect. Isnardia and is the most consistently outcrossing species; C. I. Peng (1989) reported abundant insect visitors on this species. It is morphologically most similar to the hexaploid L. brevipes, with which it shares two genomes (Peng). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 10. | FNA vol. 10. |
Parent taxa | Onagraceae > subfam. Ludwigioideae > Ludwigia > sect. Isnardia | Onagraceae > subfam. Ludwigioideae > Ludwigia > sect. Isnardia |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Isnardia palustris, I. ascendens, I. nitida, I. palustris var. americana, L. apetala, L. nitida, L. palustris var. americana, L. palustris var. inundata, L. palustris var. liebmannii, L. palustris var. nana, L. palustris var. pacifica | Isnardia arcuata, I. pedunculosa, L. pedunculosa, Ludwigiantha arcuata |
Name authority | (Linnaeus) Elliott: Sketch Bot. S. Carolina 1: 211. (1817) | Walter: Fl. Carol., 89. (1788) |
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