Ludwigia grandiflora |
Ludwigia microcarpa |
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large-flower primrose-willow, Uruguayan primrose-willow |
smallfruit primrose-willow |
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Habit | Herbs, subshrubs, or emergent aquatics, rooting at lower nodes, sometimes woody at base, white pneumatophores 8–10 cm often on submerged stems. | Herbs slender, sometimes suffrutescent from woody base, often with aerenchyma, rarely creeping and rooting at nodes, often forming slender stolons 4–15(–25) cm, 0.4–0.8 mm thick. |
Stems | erect or ascending to creeping or floating, terete or sometimes angled distally, 20–300(–450) cm, usually densely branched, sometimes simple, glabrous if floating, or densely villous and viscid throughout, or rarely just on inflorescence. |
usually erect or ascending, rarely prostrate, slightly to distinctly winged, wings to 1.8 mm wide, unbranched to densely branched, 5–60 cm, glabrous. |
Leaves | stipules (rarely in clusters of 3), ovate-deltate, 0.6–2 × 0.6–1.5 mm, fleshy, apex subacute, often mucronate; petiole 0.1–1.1 cm; blade usually lanceolate to (narrowly) elliptic or oblanceolate, rarely narrowly obovate, (1.7–)3.1–8(–10.5) × 0.5–2(–2.5) cm, chartaceous, viscid, base cuneate or attenuate, margins entire, apex obtuse or acute, always glandular-mucronate, surfaces densely villous, sometimes less dense adaxially, distal leaves more pubescent than proximal ones; bracts scarcely reduced. |
alternate; stipules lanceolate-deltate, 0.13–0.15 × 0.1–0.13 mm; stolons: petiole attenuate, 0.1–0.5 cm, blade broadly elliptic to suborbiculate, 0.2–0.7 × 0.2–0.5 cm; stems: petiole winged, 0.1–0.5 cm, blade obovate-spatulate or oblanceolate, sometimes narrowly oblanceolate-elliptic, 0.4–1.7 × 0.15–1 cm, base attenuate, margins subentire or often with hydathodal glands forming minute teeth, or minutely papillose-strigillose, apex acute or mucronate, surfaces glabrous; leaves on side branches much reduced, glabrous; bracts near apex and on branches reduced. |
Inflorescences | on emergent stems sometimes in leafy racemes, flowers solitary in leaf axils; bracteoles narrowly to broadly obovate, 1–1.2 × 0.7–0.8 mm, succulent, apex acute, oppositely attached at ovary base. |
leafy spikes or racemes, flowers solitary in axils, usually not crowded; bracteoles attached at base of ovary, sublinear or narrowly oblong, 0.4–1.2(–1.5) × 0.1–0.4 mm, usually with swollen base. |
Flowers | sepals usually deciduous, not persistent on capsule, lanceolate, 6–12(–16) × 2–4 mm, chartaceous, apex acute, surfaces densely villous; petals yellow, fan-shaped, (12–)16–20(–26) × 11–16(–21) mm, apex rounded, usually emarginate, rarely mucronate; stamens 10(or 12), in 2 unequal series, yellow, filaments reflexed, shorter ones (2.8–)3.8–5.3 mm, longer ones (3.7–)6–6.5 mm, anthers oblong, 1–2.5 × (0.6–)0.8–1.2 mm; ovary subcylindric, terete, 6–12 × 1.5–2.5 mm, apex thickened, densely villous; nectary disc slightly raised on ovary apex, yellow, 1.5–2.5 mm diam., lobed, ringed with villous hairs; style yellow, 4.7–6.7(–8) mm, glabrous or sparsely pubescent near base, stigma subcapitate-globose, 1–1.3 × 1.6–2.5 mm, usually exserted beyond anthers. |
sepals ascending or spreading, pale green to cream adaxially, ovate-deltate, 0.9–2 × 1–1.9 mm, margins minutely papillose-strigillose or entire, apex acuminate, surfaces glabrous; petals 0; filaments translucent, 0.4–0.55 mm, anthers 0.1–0.2 × 0.2–0.3 mm; pollen shed singly; ovary pale green, obovoid-subglobose, 0.8–1 × 0.8–1.2 mm, glabrate; nectary disc nearly flat on ovary apex, light green, 0.5–1.2 mm diam., 4-lobed, glabrous; style light green, 0.3–0.6 mm, glabrous, stigma subcapitate, 0.15–0.3 × 0.05–0.15 mm, not exserted beyond anthers. |
Capsules | subcylindric, terete, straight or curved, (11–)14–25 × 3–4 mm, with thick woody walls, irregularly and tardily dehiscent, villous-viscid, pedicel 13–25(–27) mm. |
obconic, subterete, 1–1.5 × 1.4–1.9 mm, thin-walled, seeds often visible as bumps, dehiscent by apical ring, pedicel 0–0.2 mm. |
Seeds | embedded in wedge-shaped piece of endocarp, 0.8–1 × 0.8–0.9 mm. |
dark reddish brown, oblong-ovoid, 0.5–0.6 × 0.3–0.4 mm, surface cells transversely elongate, glabrous or, sometimes, densely covered by waxy hairs. |
2n | = 48. |
= 16. |
Ludwigia grandiflora |
Ludwigia microcarpa |
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Phenology | Flowering summer. | Flowering Mar–Nov (year-round). |
Habitat | Wet places, along slow-moving rivers, streams, canals, ditches, often growing into main channel as aquatic weed. | Roadside ditches, marshes, borders of ponds and streams, low meadows, low areas in open woods, edges of swamp forests, brackish marshes, hammocks, solution pits of limestone on marl prairies. |
Elevation | 0–200[–1200] m. (0–700[–3900] ft.) | 0–400 m. (0–1300 ft.) |
Distribution |
AL; AR; CA; FL; GA; KY; LA; MO; MS; NC; NJ; NY; OK; OR; PA; SC; TN; TX; VA; WA; WV; Central America (Guatemala); South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay)
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AL; AR; FL; GA; LA; MO; MS; NC; SC; TN; TX; VA; West Indies (Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica)
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Discussion | Ludwigia grandiflora occurs in two disjunct areas: the southeastern United States on the coastal plain of southern South Carolina, Georgia, northern Florida, Louisiana, west to central Texas, and recently in southern California (P. C. Hoch and B. J. Grewell 2012) and Oregon; and central South America from south of the Amazon basin of Brazil and Bolivia where it is very scattered, to Uruguay, northeastern Argentina, and Paraguay where it is very frequent. It has been collected three times in Guatemala and twice in Missouri, although it is not clearly established in either region. It usually grows below 200 m elevation, but in Guatemala and in Santa Catarina, Brazil (Smith & , MO), it has been collected as high as Klein 133831200 m elevation. Populations of L. grandiflora in the United States are fairly variable, although not as much as in South American populations. As noted by Greuter and Burdet, the publication of Jussiaea grandiflora Ruíz & Pavon, which was a synonym of J. peruviana, occurred in 1830, not in 1802 as reported (P. A. Munz 1942; P. H. Raven 1963[1964]). Therefore, J. grandiflora Michaux in 1803 is legitimate, and J. grandiflora Ruíz & Pavon is an illegitimate homonym. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
The diploid Ludwigia microcarpa has the smallest stature, leaves, flowers, fruits, and fewest seeds (ca. 10–20) per capsule of any species in sect. Isnardia (C. I. Peng 1989). Most plants start to flower when young. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 10. | FNA vol. 10. |
Parent taxa | Onagraceae > subfam. Ludwigioideae > Ludwigia > sect. Jussiaea | Onagraceae > subfam. Ludwigioideae > Ludwigia > sect. Isnardia |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Jussiaea grandiflora, J. repens var. grandiflora, J. repens var. hispida, J. stenophylla, J. stuckertii, J. uruguayensis, L. clavellina var. grandiflora, L. uruguayensis | Isnardia microcarpa |
Name authority | (Michaux) Greuter & Burdet: Willdenowia 16: 448. (1987) | Michaux: Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 88. (1803) |
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