Ludwigia bonariensis |
Ludwigia peploides |
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Carolina primrose-willow |
creeping water primrose, floating primrose-willow, marsh purslane |
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Habit | Herbs, from woody rootstock. | Herbs or emergent aquatics, rooting at nodes, sometimes with fleshy, white pneumatophores at submerged nodes. | ||||||||
Stems | erect, subterete, 20–120 cm, branched, glabrate proximally, or strigillose, especially in distal parts, with raised strigillose lines decurrent from leaf axils mid stem. |
floating or creeping and ascending to erect, terete, 10–100(–300) cm, simple or branched, glabrous or sparsely to densely villous, hairs sometimes viscid on emergent distal stem. |
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Leaves | stipules narrowly deltate, 0.3–0.5 × 0.1–0.2 mm; petiole winged, 0.1–0.7 cm; blade narrowly to broadly lanceolate, 4–15 × 0.3–1(–3) cm, base tapered, margins subentire to inconspicuously glandular-serrulate, apex acute to acuminate, surfaces finely strigillose, especially on abaxial veins, sometimes glabrate; bracts narrower, reduced in size. |
stipules broadly ovate-deltate, 0.6–1.6 × 0.4–1 mm, succulent, apex acute or obtuse, gland-tipped, rarely divided into 3 parts; petiole flattened or narrowly winged, 0.2–6 cm; blade narrowly oblong or elliptic to ovate, broadly obovate, or orbiculate, (0.4–)1–10 × 0.4–4 cm, base narrowly cuneate or attenuate, margins entire, apex obtuse or rounded to acute, sometimes mucronate or glandular-mucronate, surfaces of floating leaves glabrous, those of emergent leaves glabrous to sparsely or densely strigillose at least adaxially; bracts scarcely reduced. |
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Inflorescences | open, leafy racemes, flowers solitary in axils; bracteoles lanceolate-linear or setaceous, 2–6 × 0.3–0.8 mm, attached on pedicel just proximal to base of ovary. |
on emergent stems sometimes in leafy racemes, flowers solitary in leaf axils; bracteoles (rarely absent), deltate, squamate, 0.5–1 × 0.5–1 mm, apex acute, attached near base or on lower 1/2 of ovary. |
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Flowers | sepals ovate-deltate, 10–20 × 7–12 mm, abruptly acuminate or acute, inconspicuously 5–7-nerved, surfaces strigillose; petals deep golden yellow, broadly obovate, 20–35 × 10–30 mm, apex shallowly emarginate, claw 1.5–3 mm; stamens 8 in 2 unequal series, filaments flattened and dilated near base, epipetalous set 3.4–4.5 mm, episepalous set 4.5–5.5 mm, anthers oblong, 4–5 mm; pollen shed in polyads; ovary subcylindric, slightly 4-angled, 8–12(–20) mm; nectary disc slightly elevated on ovary apex, 2–3 mm diam., 4-lobed, ringed by short hairs; style 3–3.5 mm, stigma clavate-capitate, 2.5–3 × 2–2.5 mm, often exserted beyond anthers. |
sepals narrowly deltate or lanceolate, 3–12 × 1.5–4 mm, apex acute or acuminate, surfaces glabrous or sparsely to densely hirtellous; petals yellow, obpyramidal,7–24 × 4–13 mm, apex mucronate or emarginate, up-curved; stamens 10(or 12), in 2 unequal series, bright yellow, filaments suberect or reflexed, shorter ones 1.4–4.2 mm, longer ones (1.9–)3.3–6 mm, anthers oblong, 0.5–2.2 mm; ovary subcylindric or truncate, 6–20 × 1.5–3 mm, apex somewhat broader, glabrous or sparsely to densely hirtellous; nectary disc slightly raised on ovary apex, 2–2.5 mm diam., lobed, glabrous or fringed with long hairs; style (1.9–)2.4–7.3 mm, glabrous or sparsely to densely hirtellous on proximal 1/2, stigma flattened-globose, 0.9–1.2 × 1–2.5 mm, sometimes shallowly or deeply 5-lobed, as long as or exserted beyond anthers. |
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Capsules | clavate-cylindric, subterete to obtusely 4-angled, 20–35 × 3.5–5 mm, thin walls, irregularly dehiscent, tapering to pedicel 10–40 mm. |
cylindric, subterete to obscurely 5-angled, straight or curved, 10–40 × 2–4 mm, with thick woody walls, irregularly and tardily dehiscent, pedicel 7–60(–90) mm. |
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Seeds | in several indistinct rows per locule, yellow-brown, oblong (appearing round), 0.5 mm, shiny, raphe 2/3 as wide as body. |
embedded in elongated piece of endocarp, 1–1.5 × 0.9–1.3 mm. |
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2n | = 16. |
= 16. |
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Ludwigia bonariensis |
Ludwigia peploides |
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Phenology | Flowering summer. | |||||||||
Habitat | Wet places, mainly along coastal areas, especially ditches, banks near brackish water. | |||||||||
Elevation | 0–200[–2600] m. (0–700[–8500] ft.) | |||||||||
Distribution |
AL; FL; MS; NC; SC; TX; Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango, Puebla, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz); South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay)
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United States; Mexico; Central America; South America; West Indies (Cuba); Asia (China); Pacific Islands (Galapagos Islands) [Introduced in Europe (France), elsewhere in the Pacific Islands (New Zealand, Society Islands), Australia]
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Discussion | Subspecies 4 (3 in the flora). Ludwigia peploides consists of four subspecies more or less well defined geographically and morphologically, with three present in the flora area: subsp. glabrescens, subsp. montevidensis, and subsp. peploides (P. H. Raven 1963[1964]); these subspecies have ranges that are mostly distinct. Subspecies peploides has a wide distribution in the New World, from the southern United States south to Argentina. Subspecies glabrescens is widespread in eastern United States. Subspecies montevidensis occurs primarily in southern South America and scattered (probably introduced) in the southern United States, Australia, France, and New Zealand. Subspecies peploides and montevidensis occur together locally in California and Louisiana, where subsp. montevidensis is introduced. The ranges of subsp. glabrescens and peploides come together in Texas. Subspecies stipulacea (Ohwi) P. H. Raven is known from eastern Asia (e China). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 10. | FNA vol. 10. | ||||||||
Parent taxa | Onagraceae > subfam. Ludwigioideae > Ludwigia > sect. Macrocarpon | Onagraceae > subfam. Ludwigioideae > Ludwigia > sect. Jussiaea | ||||||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||||||
Subordinate taxa | ||||||||||
Synonyms | Jussiaea bonariensis, J. neglecta, J. suffruticosa var. bonariensis | Jussiaea peploides, J. repens var. peploides, L. adscendens var. peploides | ||||||||
Name authority | (Micheli) H. Hara: J. Jap. Bot. 28: 291. (1953) | (Kunth) P. H. Raven: Reinwardtia 6: 393. (1964) | ||||||||
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