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bird's foot trefoil, lotier, lotus, trefoil

big bird's-foot trefoil, big lotus, big trefoil, greater bird's-foot trefoil, large bird's-foot trefoil, large trefoil, marsh lotus, stalk birds-foot trefoil

Habit Herbs, annual or perennial, rarely suffrutescent, unarmed. Herbs perennial, suffrutescent, 10–120 cm, glabrate to sparsely pilose; rhizomatous.
Stems

prostrate or decumbent to ascending or erect, glabrous or pubescent.

erect or ascending, hollow, succulent.

Leaves

alternate, odd-pinnate;

stipules present, glandlike;

petiolate;

leaflets 5, proximal pair stipular in position, distal 3 ± palmate, blade margins entire, surfaces glabrous or pubescent.

10–34 mm;

rachis 3–10 mm;

leaflet blades ovate-elliptic to elliptic, 8–25 × 3–15 mm, length 1.4–2.4 times width, apex obtuse, often mucronate.

Inflorescences

1–15-flowered, axillary, umbels or solitary flowers;

bracts present, 1–3-foliolate.

(4 or)5–15-flowered;

bracts (1–)3-foliolate.

Peduncles

ascending to declined, 0.7–10(–15) cm.

Flowers

papilionaceous;

calyx symmetric, bell-shaped or short-cylindric, lobes 5;

corolla yellow, usually marked with red, (4–)5–13(–18) mm, keel equaling or longer than symmetrically positioned wings;

stamens 10, diadelphous;

anthers dorsifixed;

ovary sessile or ± stipitate;

stigma without collar.

10–14(–20) mm;

calyx 4.5–8 mm, lobes spreading or recurved in bud, triangular, (1.5–)2.2–3.5 mm, shorter, ± equaling to slightly longer than tube, tube glabrate to pilose;

petals yellow, often mottled with red, darkening, 8–13(–18) mm, wings equaling keel.

Fruits

legumes, persistent, exserted from calyx, sessile, straight, body not deflexed, linear to narrowly oblong or cylindric, subterete to quadrate, beak slender, dehiscent, leathery, glabrous.

Legumes

brown, cylindric, (10–)15–35 × 1.5–2.5 mm, not septate.

Seeds

(5–)10–35, mottled or not, globose to oblong or round-oblong.

15–35, yellowish, olive green, or yellowish brown, not or sometimes mottled, globose to round-oblong, 0.8–1.4 mm, smooth.

x

= 6.

2n

= 12.

Lotus

Lotus uliginosus

Phenology Flowering late spring–summer.
Habitat Wet fields, roadsides, ditches, coastal saline flats.
Elevation 0–500 m. (0–1600 ft.)
Distribution
from USDA
Eurasia; Africa; Atlantic Islands (Azores); Pacific Islands (New Caledonia, Vanuatu); Australia [Introduced in North America; introduced also nearly worldwide]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
CA; FL; ID; IL; OR; WA; BC; MB; NB; NS; ON; QC; Europe; w Asia; n Africa [Introduced in North America; introduced also in South America, e Asia, elsewhere in Africa, Pacific Islands (Hawaii, New Zealand), Australia]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Species ca. 125 (6 in the flora).

Morphological and molecular analyses (G. J. Allan et al. 2003; G. V. Degtjareva et al. 2008) have shown that the Eurasian members of Lotus are distinct from the North American Acmispon and Hosackia. Therefore, Lotus is here defined in its strict sense. Lotus species have been introduced to North America as forage crops and for roadbank stabilization.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

The name Lotus pedunculatus Cavanilles has been misapplied to specimens of L. uliginosus in North America.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Herbs annual, hirsute.
→ 2
2. Calyx tubes villous; legumes 12–30 × 1–2 mm.
L. angustissimus
2. Calyx tubes hirsute; legumes 7–10 × 0.7–1.2 mm.
L. subbiflorus
1. Herbs annual or perennial, glabrous, glabrate, or sparsely pilose to strigose.
→ 3
3. Inflorescences 1(or 2)[–4]-flowered.
L. krylovii
3. Inflorescences (1–)3–15-flowered.
→ 4
4. Inflorescences (4–)5–15-flowered; calyx lobes spreading or recurved in bud; herbs with conspicuous rhizome; stems hollow, glabrate to sparsely pilose.
L. uliginosus
4. Inflorescences (1–)3–8(–10)-flowered; calyx lobes not recurved in bud; herbs tap­rooted (except rarely rhizomatous in L. corniculatus); stems solid, glabrous, gla­brate, or sparsely pilose to strigose.
→ 5
5. Leaflet blade lengths 1.6–3(–4) times widths; flowers 10–17 mm.
L. corniculatus
5. Leaflet blade lengths (2.5–)3–5 times widths; flowers 7–10 mm.
L. tenuis
Source FNA vol. 11. Author: Luc Brouillet. FNA vol. 11.
Parent taxa Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Lotus
Sibling taxa
L. angustissimus, L. corniculatus, L. krylovii, L. subbiflorus, L. tenuis
Subordinate taxa
L. angustissimus, L. corniculatus, L. krylovii, L. subbiflorus, L. tenuis, L. uliginosus
Name authority Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 773. (1753): Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 338. (1754) Schkuhr: Bot. Handb. 2: 412, plate 211 [upper right center]. (1796)
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