Lomatium
biscuit-root, desert parsley, lomatium
1–4-pinnate, 1–4-ternate, or quinate, or various combinations of these;
blade ovate, rhombic, or triangular to deltate, sometimes lanceolate, oblong, elliptic, orbiculate, obovate, or fan-shaped, herbaceous;
leaflets pinnately or ternately divided, sometimes undivided, filiform, linear, lanceolate, ovate, deltate, oblong, elliptic, or oblanceolate, margins entire, toothed, or lobed.
terminal, compound, usually ± convex, peripheral flowers not different;
involucral bracts usually absent;
involucel bractlets present, sometimes absent.
present, sometimes absent (if absent, then not just on central flower in each umbellet).
bisexual or staminate, occasionally pistillate;
sepals reduced;
petals yellow, white, or purple, sometimes cream, ochroleucous, greenish, pink, red, brown, or almost black, apex inflexed, with a narrower appendage;
stylopodium absent, at least at maturity.
elliptic, oblong, or ovate, sometimes linear, lanceolate, fusiform, obovate, or orbiculate, usually ± dorsiventrally compressed, sometimes laterally compressed or not compressed, splitting;
mericarps not beaked, ribs 5, abaxial low, not winged (winged in L. planosum and L. tamanitchii), lateral winged (sometimes obscurely so), surface usually smooth, occasionally papillate, usually glabrous, sometimes scabrous or hairy;
oil ducts 1–8 in intervals, (0–)2–9 on commissure, sometimes obscure, occasionally 1 in each wing;
carpophore 2-fid, usually free, occasionally adnate to mericarps.
= 11.
Lomatium
w North America; nw Mexico; c North America
Species 102 (102 in the flora).
Lomatium has traditionally been defined as having dorsiventrally flattened fruits with two lateral wings. This contrasts with Cymopterus, which has been defined as having both lateral and abaxial wings. This system worked fairly well, although drawing a clear line between Lomatium and Cymopterus was occasionally difficult (A. Cronquist et al. 1997). Recent molecular phylogenetic research has upset this simple genus concept (E. E. George et al. 2014). Although most taxa traditionally treated in Lomatium form a single clade, some species appear more closely related to Cymopterus or some smaller genera (George et al.). Some species in other genera are most closely related to Lomatium. More information is needed before major revisions of Lomatium or Cymopterus can be done, so the two genera are retained here with minor changes. Certain taxa with wingless, laterally flattened or subterete fruit are here included in Lomatium, for example, Orogenia (L. fusiformis, L. linearifolium), Tauschia hooveri (as L. lithosolamans), and T. tenuissima (L. tenuissimum). Cymopterus planosus (L. planosum), which has abaxial wings, is also included. In addition, one species, L. concinnum, is transferred from Lomatium to Cymopterus (as C. glomeratus var. concinnus).
The common name biscuitroot is applied to many Lomatium species because the thick, food-storing roots of many species have long been eaten by Indigenous Peoples. The roots, shoots, young leaves, and seeds of certain species are traditionally used for food or medicine. Seeds of certain species were, and to some extent still are, stored and traded among people of different Indigenous nations (N. J. Turner 1992, 1997). Perhaps human transport of Lomatium roots and seeds explains, in part, the complex patterns of variation and distribution seen in certain species groups. The major trading center at Celilo Falls on the Columbia River (K. Barber 2005) may have contributed to the high diversity of Lomatium in the region. Klickitat County, Washington, and Wasco County, Oregon, the two counties surrounding the falls, have the relatively high total of 23 Lomatium species each, for a combined total of 27 species. Some Indigenous people express concern that commercial exploitation of certain species for medicinal use has decimated some populations, especially L. dissectum and the closely related L. multifidum, sometimes on traditional gathering sites.
While some Lomatium species are widely distributed, many are narrow endemics, perhaps because of the poor seed dispersal ability of most Lomatium (T. D. Marsico and J. J. Hellman 2009). The rate of describing localized taxa shows no sign of slowing, with 14 species described between 2010 and 2019. Additional unnamed taxa are known but have not been published in time to include here (M. Darrach, pers. obs.; K. Mason, pers. obs.; D. Mansfield, pers. comm.).
Difficult taxonomic problems are presented by widespread, subtly variable Lomatium taxa comprising distinct evolutionary lineages that could reasonably be treated as species or varieties but are difficult to distinguish morphologically (for example, J. A. Alexander et al. 2018; J. F. Smith et al. 2018). This is particularly troublesome in what has been called L. triternatum. Recognizing as many as 11 somewhat cryptic species within the L. triternatum complex may be justified. See discussion under 98. L. triternatum.
This treatment is very much a “splitter’s” treatment, accepting nearly all the taxa that have been recognized by recent authors. This is done for two reasons. First, it is easier to combine descriptions of plants inappropriately split than to separate records of plants inappropriately lumped together. Also, the validity of newly described taxa is established or challenged through the practical experience of field-, lab-, and herbarium-based botanists, and for many of these taxa, not enough time has passed for this collective judgement to coalesce.
The taxonomic literature has far more erroneous Lomatium descriptions than might be expected. No doubt some of the problems result from simple human errors, but a common problem is the inclusion of an unrecognized species within the description of another species. These errors are perpetuated through generations of floras. In this treatment, some of these errors are corrected but no doubt others are introduced.
Identification of Lomatium specimens may require roots (but see the next paragraph), well-developed leaves, fresh flowers, and completely mature fruits. Few specimens have all of these features. To permit identification of incomplete specimens, the identification key provided here emphasizes leaf traits wherever possible. Nonetheless, for some groups, for example, L. triternatum and similar species, mature fruits are necessary for species identification. Some specific problems are explained below. The key is entirely artificial; subkeys do not represent taxonomic or phylogenetic groupings.
Collecting roots aids in identification, but Lomatium are perennial by roots, with some species potentially living for a century or more as judged by leaf scars on the caudex (M. E. Darrach 2014). Digging up a large part of the root kills the plant. Therefore, possible global or local rarity of the taxon should be considered before collecting roots. With this key, it is theoretically possible to identify nearly all Lomatium without using roots. Species with shallow, tuberlike root swellings are grouped in Key C because these species are most easily identified by comparing them to each other, but all these species are also keyed out in later subkeys. Plants can be recognized as being in Key C by observing or collecting the top 10 to 15 cm of root.
The caudex, a compact, vertical, usually perennial, underground stem, can be confused with the taproot because it is usually the same color and width. However, the caudex has leaf scars and often has remnants of leaf bases of previous years. These remnants usually break to form chaffy and chartaceous scales. They may decay to fibers as well, and the difference is sometimes useful. Presence or absence of prominent dead, gray, terete bases of peduncles and/or petioles may aid identification. Cleaning these leaf and peduncle remnants from a specimen removes a useful clue to identification. The first leaves many species produce in spring are straw-colored, bladeless sheaths, which should not be confused with remnants of the previous years’ leaves.
The pseudoscape is an annual stem originating at the top of the caudex and reaching ground level or, in a few species, extending above ground. Plants with a pseudoscape can either be acaulous or short-caulescent. Caulescent plants do not have a pseudoscape and instead have a stem with distinctly separated cauline leaves. If a plant is acaulous with a pseudoscape, then the leaves at the apex of the pseudoscape usually arise at slightly different heights, but sometimes a rosette of leaves may form atop it (as in Lomatium planosum and in some L. erythrocarpum). Short-caulescent plants with a pseudoscape do not form a rosette of leaves atop the pseudoscape. Hidden from the sun, the pseudoscape is usually more or less straw-colored. In L. planosum, the pseudoscape extends above ground and is mostly dark green or purple. Pseudoscapes may be inconspicuous, hidden by persistent leaf bases from previous years or by the sheathing bases of petioles.
Leaf characters distinguish many species in Lomatium. Shapes and sizes are of dried leaves. Leaf blade shape (in outline) can be used to separate species with oblong to lanceolate blades from those with wider (deltate, triangular, ovate, rhombic, elliptic, etc.) blades. The vocabulary used to describe the leaf divisions is complex. As used here, the leaf blade ultimate segment is the smallest unit into which the leaf is divided, unless the smallest units are much smaller than the next larger and seem best treated as teeth, as in L. nudicaule. The terminal ultimate segment is the one located at the apex of the leaf blade. The ultimate segments originate from the penultimate segments, which in turn originate from the antepenultimate segments. The number of leaf blade ultimate segments per leaf reported here is based on small samples of basal leaves with these segments counted (if the number is small) or estimated by counting a sample of the leaflets and extrapolating. These numbers are usually not precise. Correctly assessing leaf divisions of curled up, withered, wilted, or overlapping leaves may not be possible. Specimens should be prepared with at least one well-developed basal leaf lying flat and presented in its entirety. In several species, the leaves die and turn brittle by the time the fruits fully mature. Sometimes the shape of such leaves may be preserved by soaking the leaves before pressing.
Cauline leaves, if present, are usually smaller and less divided than basal leaves, and their petioles are likely to be wholly sheathing even if those of basal leaves are not. Cauline leaves are not described for most species.
The peduncle may be hollow at maturity, but that does not mean it is inflated. Truly inflated peduncles become much wider as they mature, usually wider proximally or distally than in the rest of the peduncle. Rays of the umbel may be webbed at the base, sometimes forming a disc. Such discs are not examples of inflated peduncles.
Involucel bractlets are sometimes deciduous in fruit. Pedicels of staminate flowers occasionally have flattened, scarious margins and look like narrow bractlets.
Flower color is often helpful for identification, although it varies within some species. Recording the color of fresh flowers in the field is important. Yellow flowers often dry white or cream-colored. White flowers may dry cream-colored. In a few species, yellow flowers age purple or vice versa. Many white-flowered Lomatium have purple anthers but yellow-flowered Lomatium have yellow or, occasionally, cream-colored anthers. Because purple anthers retain pigment longer than petals do, sometimes petal color can be determined by assessing the anthers. Anther color may be hidden by abundant white or pale yellow pollen. Sometimes anthers persist into the fruiting stage, often hidden in aborted umbellets or atop developing fruits. If a couplet uses flower color and flower color cannot be assessed, try both leads of the pair; one lead usually yields a satisfactory determination.
In a few Lomatium species, the mericarp abaxial ribs look like thin, low, inconspicuous wings, which may be deciduous as in L. tamanitchii. In L. planosum, the abaxial ribs are as winglike as those of Cymopterus. In a few species, the lateral wings curve downward or in toward the commissure, contributing to the terete shape of such fruits. The fruit wing width to body width ratio is calculated by dividing the width of one wing by that of the body. In many species, the lateral fruit wings are reddish or purplish before the mature fruit dries. Then they usually turn tan. At that point, they are usually much paler than the dark fruit bodies. In a few species, the wings remain dark or the body is pale, and thus the two are similar (although not identical) in color.
Schizocarp shapes are described as seen in the plane of the commissure, regardless of the direction and degree of fruit compression. Mericarp length is the length of the fruit body measured along its midline, but not including any wing lobes off the midline. Mericarp width is measured in the middle third of the mericarp and includes the width of the body and both wings. Mericarps increase in width late in their development, mainly because the wings expand. Therefore, mericarp width, shape, wing width, fruit length/width ratio, and wing/body ratio cannot be reliably assessed on even slightly immature fruit. If at all possible, measure only mature mericarps. However, in Key H, the fact that fruits do not become narrower as they mature may allow identification of those plants with wider fruits, using a length/width ratio from immature fruit. Galled fruits, which can be fairly common in L. klickitatense and L. papilioniferum, in particular, may be unusually short and thick; avoid measuring them.
Cogswellia Sprengel is an illegitimate name that pertains here.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
1. Leaf blade ultimate segments, or some of them, more than 3 mm wide and more than 10 mm long Key A, p. 349. | → 1 |
1. Leaf blade ultimate segments 0.1–3 mm wide, more than or less than 10 mm long. | → 2 |
2. Leaf blade ultimate segments mostly narrowly linear, 0.1–0.4 mm wide Key B, p. 350. | → 2 |
2. Most leaf blade ultimate segments linear to lanceolate, ovate, triangular, elliptic, oblong, oblanceolate, or rhombic, more than 0.5 mm wide. | → 3 |
3. Taproots with shallow, distinct, globose to fusiform, tuberlike swellings Key C, p. 352. | → 3 |
3. Taproots slender to stout, lacking shallow, globose to fusiform, tuberlike swellings, or swellings indistinct, or plant collected without taproots. | → 4 |
4. Leaf blades proportionately narrow (oblong or lanceolate) Key D, p. 355. | → 4 |
4. Leaf blades proportionately wider (triangular to deltate, rhombic, ovate, elliptic, or orbiculate). | → 5 |
5. Involucel bractlets wide (widely obovate to oblanceolate, or broadly elliptic), or pinnately divided, or many bractlets connate more than 50% their length Key E, p. 356. | → 5 |
5. Involucel bractlets absent or, if present, narrow (linear to lanceolate or narrowly elliptic or narrowly oblanceolate), distinct or connate less than 50% their length. | → 6 |
6. Leaf blade ultimate segments, or some of them, 11–85(–130) mm Key F, p. 359. | → 6 |
6. Leaf blade ultimate segments 0.1–10 mm. | → 7 |
7. Leaves, peduncles, and rays glabrous, papillate, scaberulous, or scabrous Key G, p. 363. | → 7 |
7. Leaves, peduncles, and/or rays hairy Key H, p. 368. | → Key A |
0. Leaf blade ultimate segments, or some of them, more than 3 mm wide and more than 10 mm long. | → 1 |
1. Leaf blade ultimate segments proportionately narrow, usually linear, oblong, or lanceolate. | → 2 |
2. Involucel bractlets obovate to oblanceolate, occasionally elliptic, or many connate more than 50% their length Key E, p. 356. | → 2 |
2. Involucel bractlets absent or, if present, linear to lanceolate, distinct or connate less than 50% their length Key F, p. 359. | → 1 |
1. Leaf blade ultimate segments proportionately wide, lanceolate, ovate, broadly triangular to deltate, elliptic, oblong, suborbiculate, obovate, or broadly oblanceolate. | → 3 |
3. Leaf blade ultimate segments apparently entire, but actually minutely serrulate (20×); pedicels reflexed when fruit is mature; s British Columbia, Washington (Chelan County). | L. brandegeei |
3. Leaf blade ultimate segments entire, toothed, or lobed; pedicels spreading to erect when fruit is mature; w North America. | → 4 |
4. Peduncles strongly inflated distally, becoming (1–)2–18 mm wide 1 cm below apex; involucel bractlets absent; leaf blades strongly blue-green, ultimate segments 3–24 per leaf, margins shallowly toothed distally; plants glabrous. | L. nudicaule |
4. Peduncles not or slightly inflated, 1–6 mm wide 1 cm below apex; involucel bractlets present (sometimes absent in L. californicum, usually absent in L. martindalei); leaf blades green, blue-green, gray-green, or gray-blue, ultimate segments 3–800(–1300+) per leaf, margins entire or shallowly to deeply toothed; plants glabrous or scaberulous. | → 5 |
5. Peduncles (1–)10–50 per plant, persistent; leaf blades oblong; umbels 1–4 cm wide in flower, 3.5–4.5 cm wide in fruit; rays 1–2 cm; Colorado, Utah. | L. latilobum |
5. Peduncles 1–8 per plant, persistent or not persistent; leaves triangular-ovate to ovate, rhombic, elliptic, or orbiculate; umbels (0.6–)0.9–14.4 cm wide in flower, 1.8–23 cm wide in fruit, rays 0.2–12(–15) cm; Washington to California. | → 6 |
6. Callus tips on leaf blade ultimate segments 0–0.1 mm; mericarp apices acute, obtuse, rounded, or truncate; mericarp length/width ratio 1.3–3.9; British Columbia to s California (Ventura County), not on San Nicholas Island, California. | → 7 |
7. Basal leaf blades 10–40 × 10–30 cm; plants 30–120 cm; mericarps 5.5–9 mm wide; oil ducts 3–4 in intervals, 6–10 on commissure, or obscure; caudices with persistent peduncles; w of Cascade Range, sw Oregon and California. | L. californicum |
7. Basal leaf blades 1–15 × 0.6–7.1 cm; plants 4–40 cm; mericarps 2.4–6.6 mm wide; oil ducts 1–3 in intervals, 2–4 on commissure, conspicuous to small; caudices without persistent peduncles; in or w of Cascade Range, British Columbia to California, or in Blue Mountains, e Oregon. | → 8 |
8. Mericarps (6–)8–16 mm; petals yellow, white, cream, or ochroleucous; leaves and peduncles glabrous or scaberulous on veins and margins; British Columbia to California in or w of Cascade Range. | L. martindalei |
8. Mericarps 5–8 mm; petals yellow; leaves and peduncles glabrous; c Oregon (Ochoco Mountains). | L. ochocense |
6. Callus tips on leaf blade ultimate segments 0–1 mm, usually more than 0.3 mm (sometimes less so on San Nicholas Island, California); mericarp apices emarginate (rounded in L. rigidum, with callus tips 0.3–1 mm, stiff, spinelike); mericarp length/width ratio 0.7–1.8; sw Oregon to s California, including San Nicholas Island, California. | → 9 |
9. Primary and proximal secondary leaflets unlobed (but coarsely toothed) to 3-lobed, not pinnately lobed. | → 10 |
10. Leaf blade ultimate segments 3–9 per leaf; mericarp wings thick, 100–140% as wide as body; oil ducts 1 in intervals, 2–4 on commissure; s California. | L. lucidum |
10. Leaf blade ultimate segments 3–60 per leaf; mericarp wings thin, 25–110% as wide as body; oil ducts 1–3 in intervals, 4–9 on commissure; n California, sw Oregon. | → 11 |
11. Mericarps widely elliptic to suborbiculate; Klamath Region, nw California (Del Norte and Siskiyou counties), sw Oregon. | L. howellii |
11. Mericarps broadly oblong; North Coast Ranges of California (Lake, Napa, Solano, and Sonoma counties). | L. repostum |
9. Primary and proximal secondary leaflets pinnately lobed. | → 12 |
12. Leaf blades 6–24 cm wide; rays 3–12 cm; umbels 7.6–14.4 cm wide in flower, 11–19 cm wide in fruit; caudices usually branched; mericarps 10–16(–18) mm; San Nicolas Island, California. | L. insulare |
12. Leaf blades 2.3–8.5(–11.5) cm wide; rays 0.5–6.5 cm; umbels 2.1–8.3 cm wide in flower, 5–12.3 cm wide in fruit; caudices simple; mericarps 6–12 mm; California mainland. | → 13 |
13. Leaf teeth callus tips weak; petals yellow; mericarp wings 2.7–3.9 mm wide, 100–200% as wide as body; elevation less than 200 m; South Coast , California. | L. parvifolium |
13. Leaf teeth callus tips stiff, spinelike; petals brown or purple, occasionally yellow; mericarp wings 1–2 mm wide, 30–55% as wide as body; elevation more than 1200 m; Sierra Nevada, California. | L. rigidum |
0. Leaf blade ultimate segments mostly narrowly linear, 0.1–0.4 mm wide. | → 1 |
1. Leaves, peduncles, rays, and/or involucel bractlets hairy. | → 2 |
2. Ovaries and young fruits tomentose; mature mericarps glabrous or sparsely to densely tomentose. | → 3 |
3. Petals usually tomentose, yellow-green, greenish, or purplish but appearing white due to hairs; leaf rachises noticeably channeled; mericarps orbiculate to ovate-oblong, length/width ratio 1.2–2, tomentose; California. | L. dasycarpum |
3. Petals nearly always glabrous, yellow, white, or purplish white; leaf rachises not channeled; mericarps narrowly oblong to broadly elliptic or lanceolate, length/width ratio 1.8–4, glabrous or sparsely to densely tomentose; Great Plains to Pacific coast. | L. macrocarpum |
2. Ovaries, young fruits, and mericarps glabrous or with dense, short, blunt hairs. | → 4 |
4. Ovaries and mericarps glabrous; leaves usually hairy; petals white; California (Lassen County). | L. ravenii |
4. Ovaries and mericarps with dense, short, blunt hairs; leaves usually mostly glabrous; petals yellow; n Rocky Mountains. | L. sandbergii |
1. Leaves, peduncles, and rays glabrous, papillate, scaberulous, or scabrous. | → 5 |
5. Mericarps granular-scaberulous to papillate, 5.6–8(–10) mm, length/width ratio 1.9–2.4; leaf blade ultimate segments 0.9–5(–7) mm; plants 10–30 cm; n Rocky Mountains. | L. sandbergii |
5. Mericarps glabrous, lengths and length/width ratio various, but if in n Rocky Mountains, 8–17 mm, length/width ratio 3.3–5.5; leaf blade ultimate segments 1–45 mm; plants 5–85 cm; w North America. | → 6 |
6. Involucel bractlets deeply, conspicuously divided; Colorado, Idaho, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming. | L. grayi |
6. Involucel bractlets, if present, entire, rarely with a few narrow lobes; w North America. | → 7 |
7. Plants 5–30(–45) cm; tuberlike root swellings shallow; leaf blades 2–10(–20) × 1.8–3 cm; umbels 1.5–4(–6) cm wide in fruit; involucel bractlets 0.3–2.1(–3.5) mm; pedicels 1–4.3(–6.2) mm in fruit; mericarp length width ratio 3.6–8.5, wings 0.3–0.7 mm wide; Idaho (w Idaho County). | L. swingerae |
7. Plants 10–150 cm; tuberlike root swellings absent or, if present, deep and irregular; leaf blades (2–)3–33 × 1–48 cm; umbels 2.3–20 cm wide in fruit; involucel bractlets 1–10 mm, or absent; pedicels 1–17 mm in fruit; mericarp length/width ratio 1.3–5.6(–6), wings 0.3–2.3 mm wide; w North America. | → 8 |
8. Leaf blade ultimate segments mostly more than 7 mm, often more than 10 mm. | → 9 |
9. Caudices multicipital, with dense, persistent leaf bases weathering to shredded, gray-brown, chaffy scales, sometimes with persistent, gray to tan peduncles; involucel bractlets absent on most umbellets; leaf blade ultimate segments 100–400 per leaf; elevation 1100–3400 m; California (Sierra Nevada). | L. torreyi |
9. Caudices simple to multicipital, sometimes without persistent leaf bases or these few, sometimes with persistent leaf sheaths weathering into dense thatch of fibers and chaffy scales; involucel bractlets usually present; leaf blade ultimate segments 300–1500+ per leaf; elevation 100–1300 m; Idaho, Oregon, Washington. | → 10 |
10. Leaf blade ultimate segments appearing spread along leaf because naked portions of petiolules are usually shorter than part of leaflet that has blades; petioles usually equaling or shorter than blades; petals yellow; Oregon, Washington (Columbia River Gorge). | L. klickitatense |
10. Leaf blade ultimate segments appearing crowded distally because primary and secondary petiolules naked and long, subequal to part of leaflet that has blades; petioles usually longer than blades; petals yellow or white, turning pink or purple with age; Washington (Benton, Chelan, Grant, Kittitas, Yakima counties). | L. tuberosum |
8. Leaf blade ultimate segments mostly less than 6 mm. | → 11 |
11. Apical 2–3 pinnule pairs of secondary leaflets with naked intercostal region between rachilla and basalmost pinnule lobes, appearing like petiolule; leaf blade ultimate segments diffuse, not obscuring elongate intercostal regions along rachillae. | → 12 |
12. Caudices with persistent leaf sheaths forming thatch of a few loose fibers, with many persistent peduncles; peduncles 9–33 cm, 0.5–2 mm wide 1 cm below umbel; Nevada, Utah. | L. depauperatum |
12. Caudices with persistent leaf sheaths forming thatch of fibers and chaffy or chartaceous scales, with few persistent peduncles; peduncles 7–60 cm, (1–)2–8 mm wide 1 cm below umbel; British Columbia, California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Washington. | → 13 |
13. Leaf blade ultimate segments (6.5–)7–15 mm, subterete in cross section; Columbia River Gorge of Oregon and Washington. | L. klickitatense |
13. Leaf blade ultimate segments 1–5 mm (to 9 mm in shade), flat or subterete in cross-section; Pacific Northwest including Columbia River Gorge. | L. papilioniferum |
11. Apical 2–3 pinnule pairs of secondary leaflets without naked intercostal region between rachilla and basalmost pinnule lobes, appearing sessile; leaf blade ultimate segments congested, obscuring short intercostal areas along rachillae. | → 14 |
14. Fruiting rays suberect; umbels 2.5–8 cm wide in fruit; leaf blades 3.5–18 × 2–7 cm; pedicels 1–10 mm; mericarps 6.5–17 × 3.5–6 mm, length/width ratio 2.2–4(–6); Idaho, Utah, Wyoming. | L. bicolor |
14. Fruiting rays ascending to spreading (to erect in L. grayi); umbels 3.7–13 cm wide in fruit; leaf blades 5–35 × 2.5–48 cm; pedicels (2.5–)3–17 mm; mericarps (5–)7.2–22 × 3–9 mm, length/width ratio 1.3–4; w North America. | → 15 |
15. Plants acaulous, less often short-caulescent; mericarp length/width ratio 1.3–2.5. | → 16 |
16. Leaves ternate-pinnate or -pinnatifid; Colorado, Idaho, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming. | L. grayi |
16. Leaves quinate; Washington. | L. quintuplex |
15. Plants usually caulescent (sometimes acaulous in L. brunsfeldianum of n Idaho); mericarp length/width ratio 1.7–5.6. | → 17 |
17. Petals salmon pink or salmon yellow (not bright); mericarps (7.2–)9–14 mm, length/width ratio 1.7–2.7; taproots thick, sometimes so thick stems often separated as they come out of ground; canyons of the lower Snake and Clearwater rivers, Idaho, Washington. | L. salmoniflorum |
17. Petals yellow; mericarps 8–22 mm, length/width ratio 3–5.6; taproots slender to thick, but not as thick as above; British Columbia, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, overlapping range of L. salmoniflorum. | → 18 |
18. Mericarps 8–17 × 2–3.8 mm, 0.5–1.2 mm thick; leaf blades with papillae or small, triangular hairs abaxially; basal leaf sheaths 7–12 mm wide; riverbanks, n Idaho (Benewah, Idaho, Kootenai, Nez Perce, and Shoshone counties), Montana (Sanders County), and far se British Columbia. | L. brunsfeldianum |
18. Mericarps (12–)15–22 × 3–4.8(–6) mm, 1.2–2.4 mm thick; leaf blades glabrous or scaberulous, without papillae or small, triangular hairs abaxially; basal leaf sheaths 11–17 mm wide; uplands, ne Oregon (Baker and Wallowa counties) and w Idaho (Adams County). | L. filicinum |
0. Taproots with shallow, distinct, globose to fusiform, tuberlike swellings. | → 1 |
1. Involucel bractlets hairy; leaves ± hairy. | → 2 |
2. Petals yellow, rarely white, sometimes turning purplish when dry; anthers yellow or white; involucel bractlet margins scarious or not; oil ducts 1–7 in intervals; taproots often gray; British Columbia to Ontario, s to Arizona, California, and Texas. | L. foeniculaceum |
2. Petals white, sometimes purple-tinged, rarely pinkish; anthers purple or pink-purple, sometimes fading to cream; involucel bractlet margins scarious; oil ducts 1–3 in intervals; taproots brown; Great Basin including ne California. | → 3 |
3. Leaf blade ultimate segments (0.5–)2–10 mm, elliptic to ovate, not narrowed at base; leaves mostly 1-pinnate-1–2-pinnatifid, leaflets ± lax, sparsely hairy; habitat generally well-developed loamy soils. | L. nevadense |
3. Leaf blade ultimate segments 0.5–3(–5) mm, narrowly linear to lanceolate, if not much longer than wide, then narrowed at base; leaves mostly 2-pinnate-1–2-pinnatifid, leaflets tightly clustered, densely hairy; habitat rocky soils with clay substructure. | L. ravenii |
1. Involucel bractlets, if present, glabrous; leaves hairy or glabrous. | → 4 |
4. Involucel bractlets broadly elliptic to ovate, obovate, or oblanceolate, rarely orbiculate; petals yellow. | → 5 |
5. Plants (5–)15–35 cm, caulescent or short-caulescent, rarely acaulous; leaf blades green or slightly blue-green, (2.5–)5–10(–14) cm, ultimate segments (1–)6–10(–15) mm; umbels 2–6 cm wide in flower, 2.5–13 cm wide in fruit; rays 7–20; ovary and young mericarps usually granular-roughened when young with up to 90 papillae per mm2, sometimes glabrous when mature; mericarp wings 1.1–1.7 mm wide, 50–80% as wide as body; widespread in Pacific Northwest, including c Oregon. | L. cous |
5. Plants 4–8(–10) cm, acaulous; leaf blades blue-green, 1–6.5 cm, ultimate segments 1–7 mm; umbels 0.9–1.5 cm wide in flower, 1.8–3.1 cm wide in fruit; rays 2–7; ovary and young mericarps glabrous; mericarp wings 0.5–1 mm wide, 33% as wide as body; Ochoco Mountains, c Oregon. | L. ochocense |
4. Involucel bractlets absent or, if present, linear, lanceolate, ovate, narrowly elliptic, or oblanceolate; petals yellow, white, pink, or purple. | → 6 |
6. Leaves thick, blue-green, glabrous; leaflets oval-ovate, overlapping; leaf blade penultimate segments broad, more than 2 mm wide; peduncles 4–6 cm in fruit; rays 0.2–1 cm in fruit; Oregon (Crook County). | L. ochocense |
6. Leaves thick or thin, blue-green, gray-green, or green, glabrous or hairy; leaflets not as above; leaf blade penultimate segments narrow, usually less than 2 mm wide; peduncles 2–40 cm in fruit; rays 0.1–15 cm in fruit; w North America. | → 7 |
7. Leaves quinate, quinate-ternate, or rarely 1–2-pinnate; leaf blade ultimate segments (5–)7–24 per leaf; petals white; mericarps not compressed; lateral wings absent; Washington (Kittitas and Yakima counties). | L. lithosolamans |
7. Leaves ternate or pinnate; leaf blade ultimate segments 3–5000 per leaf; petals white, yellow, purple, purplish white, pinkish, or greenish white; mericarps dorsiventrally compressed or not; lateral wings present or obscure; w North America. | → 8 |
8. Leaf blade ultimate segments 0.5–5(–6) mm. | → 9 |
9. Leaf blade ultimate segments 1000–5000 per leaf; petals pink to purple; habitat usually steep, unstable talus slopes and stone stripes; Oregon. | L. minus |
9. Leaf blade ultimate segments 30–700 per leaf; petals yellow or white; habitat various; w North America. | → 10 |
10. Petals yellow; anthers yellow; leaves glabrous, green or blue-green; mericarps ebony brown, oil ducts usually obscure. | L. hendersonii |
10. Petals white, purplish white, or pinkish white; anthers purple, pink-purple, or reddish; leaves glabrous or hairy, green or gray-green; mericarps brown to tan or gray, oil ducts usually distinct. | → 11 |
11. Leaves glabrous; leaf blade ultimate segments 50–300(–600) per leaf; plants 7–25 cm. | L. canbyi |
11. Leaves hairy, rarely glabrate or glabrous; leaf blade ultimate segments 100–700 per leaf; plants 3–40 cm. | → 12 |
12. Plants 3–15 cm; fruiting rays 0.4–2.5 cm; habitat white chalk bentonite ash outcrops; Oregon (Malheur County). | L. bentonitum |
12. Plants 10–40 cm; fruiting rays 1–9 cm; habitat various; w North America. | → 13 |
13. Ovaries densely hairy when young, often glabrescent with age; mericarp wings 1–2.6(–3.2) mm wide, (30–)50–105% as wide as body; fruiting pedicels 3–14 mm; Great Basin. | L. nevadense |
13. Ovaries glabrous; mericarp wings 0.6–1.6 mm wide, 20–40% as wide as body; fruiting pedicels 1.5–6.5(–9) mm; Great Plains. | L. orientale |
8. Leaf blade ultimate segments 2–60 mm, most longer than 6 mm. | → 14 |
14. Plants caulescent; cauline leaves present but sometimes greatly reduced, at least distally. | → 15 |
15. Cauline leaves, at least distal, much reduced, 1(–3) per stem, with ultimate segments 1–3 per cauline leaf; pedicels 0.5–3.8 mm in fruit. | → 16 |
16. Petals yellow; anthers yellow; leaf blades quadrate, rhombic, or triangular; peduncles (5–)10–30(–37) cm; Washington (Kittitas County). | L. knokei |
16. Petals white; anthers purple; leaf blades ovate or oblong-ovate; peduncles 2–10 cm; w North America. | → 17 |
17. Mericarp lateral wings reduced to ribs, corky-thickened, inflexed into commissure, 0.3–0.5 mm wide; mericarps 2.5–4(–5) mm; leaf blade ultimate segments 9–30 per leaf, 5–60 mm; habitat usually moist sandy or loamy soil near vernal snowbanks. | L. linearifolium |
17. Mericarp lateral wings well developed, not corky-thickened, spreading, flat, 0.7–1.5 mm wide; mericarps 4.5–9 mm; leaf blade ultimate segments 10–80 per leaf, 2–30(–40) mm; habitat usually seasonally wet rocky soils on scablands, basins, and open slopes. | L. piperi |
15. Cauline leaves similar to basal, 1–8(–10) per stem, with more than 5 ultimate segments per cauline leaf; pedicels 1–18 mm in fruit. | → 18 |
18. Cauline leaves (2–)3–8(–10) per stem; leaf blade ultimate segments (1–)3–5(–8) mm wide, 5–30 per leaf; peduncles 2–8 cm; involucel bractlets absent on most umbels; habitat open, often rocky slopes and flats, sagebrush and mountain brush communities. | L. ambiguum |
18. Cauline leaves 1–2 per stem; leaf blade ultimate segments 0.5–2 mm wide, 10–130 per leaf; peduncles 2–30 cm; involucel bractlets present; habitat various. | → 19 |
19. Pedicels 0–2(–3) mm in fruit; mericarp length/width ratio 3.5–6; basal leaf petioles usually sheathing entire length, rarely basally or part way; leaf blade ultimate segments 30–130 per leaf; leaves ternate; habitat shrub steppe and seasonally wet meadows, often in heavy clay soils; Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Washington. | L. leptocarpum |
19. Pedicels 4–11(–15) mm in fruit; mericarp length/width ratio 1.5–2.3; basal leaf petioles sheathing basally to less than 1/2 length; leaf blade ultimate segments 10–75 per leaf; leaves usually pinnate-1–2-pinnatifid; habitat upland grasslands; w Idaho, ne Oregon, se Washington. | L. rollinsii |
14. Plants acaulous, rarely short-caulescent; cauline leaves absent. | → 20 |
20. Mericarp wings reduced to ribs or corky-thickened and inflexed into commissure; leaf blade ultimate segments 3–30 per leaf. | → 21 |
21. Mericarps (4.4–)5–11.6 mm, rays 3–15 cm in fruit; peduncles 8.3–14.5 cm; habitat bottomlands along streams and moist to wet meadows; n Idaho, historically in Washington. | L. tenuissimum |
21. Mericarps 2–5 mm; rays 0.2–3.5(–6) cm in fruit; peduncles 2–15 cm; habitat usually moist sandy or loamy soil near vernal snowbanks; w North America. | → 22 |
22. Mericarp lateral ribs obscure, 0–0.2 mm wide; tuberlike root swelling fusiform, poorly defined; in and w of Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada, California, Oregon. | L. fusiformis |
22. Mericarp lateral ribs relatively conspicuous, 0.3–0.5 mm wide; tuberlike root swelling fusiform or globose to ovoid and well defined; e of Cascade Range, nc Oregon and Washington e to Idaho, s Montana, and nw Wyoming. | L. linearifolium |
20. Mericarp wings well developed; leaf blade ultimate segments (5–)10–700 per leaf. | → 23 |
23. Involucel bractlets absent; rays 2–5 per umbel; plants 5–15 cm; California (Calaveras, Tuolumne counties). | L. stebbinsii |
23. Involucel bractlets present on at least some umbellets; rays 2–23 per umbel; plants 5–55 cm (L. tarantuloides typically to 5 cm because stems prostrate); w North America, including California. but not Calaveras or Tuolumne counties. | → 24 |
24. Leaves hairy, leaf blade ultimate segments 100–700 per leaf, (0.5–)2–10 mm, elliptic to ovate; anthers pink-purple. | L. nevadense |
24. Leaves glabrous or scaberulous, leaf blade ultimate segments 10–150 per leaf, (0.2–)1.2–50(–60) mm, linear or oblong to narrowly elliptic; anthers yellow or rose-purple to purple. | → 25 |
25. Pedicels 4–25 mm in fruit; umbels open in fruit; leaf blade ultimate segments 10–30(–40) per leaf; Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington. | L. farinosum |
25. Pedicels 0–4(–5) mm in fruit; umbels ± congested in fruit; leaf blade ultimate segments (5–)10–150 per leaf; w North America. | → 26 |
26. Peduncles usually prostrate to occasionally weakly to moderately ascending, never erect; plants 1–17 cm; umbels 0.4–1.8 cm wide in flower; Oregon (Grant and Baker counties). | L. tarantuloides |
26. Peduncles decumbent or ascending to erect; plants 3–55 cm; umbels 0.5–4(–6) cm wide in flower; w North America. | → 27 |
27. Leaf blade ultimate segments (5–)10–50(–70) per leaf; petals white, rarely purple; anthers rose to purple; mericarps (2.5–)3–6.5 mm wide; peduncles 4–25 cm; rays spreading to erect in flower and fruit; Pacific Northwest. | → 28 |
28. Petioles usually sheathing 1/4 length, sometimes basally to less than 1/2 length; ovaries and fruits glabrous or rarely with up to 5 papillae per mm2 when young, becoming smooth with age; taproots usually moniliform; leaf blade ultimate segments (0.2–)10–50 mm; plants 10–40(–45) cm. | L. geyeri |
28. Petioles usually sheathing entire length, sometimes less; ovaries and fruits granular-roughened, with up to 200 papillae per mm2 when young, sometimes becoming smooth with age; taproots with a single, rounded, usually shallowly seated tuberlike swelling; leaf blade ultimate segments 3–20(–30) mm; plants 3–17 cm. | L. gormanii |
27. Leaf blade ultimate segments 30–600 per leaf; petals yellow, rarely white; anthers yellow; mericarps (0.6–)1.5–3.6(–4) mm wide; peduncles 3.3–30(–38.5) cm; rays usually spreading in flower and ascending in fruit; w North America. | → 29 |
29. Leaf blade ultimate segments 250–600 per leaf, terminal ultimate segment 1.2–7 mm; basal leaf blades 1.8–3 cm wide; Idaho (w Idaho County). | L. swingerae |
29. Leaf blade ultimate segments 30–150 per leaf, terminal ultimate segment 4–40 mm; basal leaf blades 1–14(–17) cm wide; Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, and Pacific Northwest. | → 30 |
30. Mericarp length/width ratio 1.9–3.8; leaf blade ultimate segments 2–27 mm; plants 7–36 cm; seasonally wet, forb-dominated meadows; Washington (Kittitas County). | L. knokei |
30. Mericarp length/width ratio 3.5–6; leaf blade ultimate segments 4–50 mm; plants (5–)10–55 cm; shrub steppe and seasonally wet meadows; w North America. | L. leptocarpum |
0. Leaf blades proportionately narrow (oblong or lanceolate). | → 1 |
1. Leaves 1-pinnate, partly 2-pinnate, or 1–3-ternate or ternate-pinnatifid, primary leaflets sessile and ± confluent with rachis; caudices with persistent peduncles. | → 2 |
2. Leaf blade ultimate segments 2–7(–12) mm wide, always at least some 5+ mm wide; Utah (Grand and San Juan counties). | L. latilobum |
2. Leaf blade ultimate segments 1–3(–4) mm wide; Nevada, Oregon, Utah (but not Grand or San Juan counties). | → 3 |
3. Leaf blade ultimate segments (1–)3–7 per leaf, appearing subterete and similar to rachis in diameter and shape, terminal segment 20–120 mm; sepals 1 mm, greenish; Utah (Emery, Garfield, Sevier, and Wayne counties). | L. junceum |
3. Leaf blade ultimate segments (3–)5–30 per leaf, ± flat and wider than rachis, terminal segment 2–25(–50) mm; sepals to 0.6 mm, scarious, greenish, or purple; Nevada, Oregon, Utah (including Garfield County). | → 4 |
4. Rays 0.1–0.3 cm in fruit; fruiting pedicels 0–0.8(–1) mm; ne Oregon. | L. greenmanii |
4. Rays 0.3–7.5 cm in fruit; fruiting pedicels 1–11 mm; Great Basin. | → 5 |
5. Plants 2–12(–17) cm; mericarps 5–7 mm; primary leaflets usually undivided; leaf blade ultimate segments (3–)7–11(–13) per leaf, 2–15(–20) mm; s Utah (Garfield, Kane, and Iron counties). | L. minimum |
5. Plants 15–30+ cm; mericarps 5–15 mm; primary leaflets divided or not; leaf blade ultimate segments sometimes more than 13 per leaf, sometimes more than 20 mm; Nevada, Utah. | L. graveolens |
1. Leaves more than once-pinnate, primary leaflets mostly with well-developed petiolules, not confluent with the rachis; caudices with or without persistent peduncles. | → 6 |
6. Plants 2–10(–17) cm; alpine or subalpine, 2100–3300 m. | → 7 |
7. Leaf blades (1.5–)2–11 cm; leaf blade ultimate segments 33–100 per leaf; rays 0.5–4 cm; mericarp wings 0.5–1.2 mm wide; Great Basin. | L. scabrum |
7. Leaf blades 1–3(–3.5) cm; leaf blade ultimate segments 5–35 per leaf; rays 0.1–0.5 cm; mericarp wings 0.2–0.5 mm wide; ne Oregon. | → 8 |
8. Mericarp oil ducts 1 in intervals, 2 on commissure; leaves green or sometimes bluish; leaf blade ultimate segments 3–9(–15) × 1–3(–3.5) mm; Wallowa County, Oregon. | L. greenmanii |
8. Mericarp oil ducts 2–3 in intervals, 4 on commissure; leaves green; leaf blade ultimate segments 1–3(–6) × 1 mm; Baker and Wallowa counties, Oregon. | L. oreganum |
6. Plants (5–)10–50 cm; moderate elevations to alpine, 600–4400 m. | → 9 |
9. Caudices without persistent peduncles; peduncles glabrous, scabrous, or crisped-puberulent; taproots with shallow, tuberlike swellings; w Idaho, ne Oregon, se Washington. | L. rollinsii |
9. Caudices with persistent peduncles; peduncles scabrous or glabrous; taproots without shallow, tuberlike swellings; Great Basin to Great Plains. | → 10 |
10. Primary leaflets usually longer than rachis segments separating them. | → 11 |
11. Terminal ultimate leaf segments (5–)10–25(–40) mm; mericarps broadly to narrowly oblong, length/width ratio 2.7–3.7; fruiting pedicels (1.5–)2–11 mm; leaves pinnate-1–2-pinnatifid; Idaho, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming. | L. graveolens |
11. Terminal ultimate leaf segments 1.5–5(–10) mm; mericarps ovate to broadly elliptic, length/width ratio 1.3–2.6; fruiting pedicels 0.5–5 mm; leaves pinnate-2-pinnatifid; Colorado, Montana, Nebraska, South Dakota, Wyoming. | L. nuttallii |
10. Primary leaflets, or at least proximal ones, usually shorter than or subequal to rachis segments separating them. | → 12 |
12. Peduncles 2–5 mm wide 1 cm below apex, slightly inflated; leaves glabrous, blades (5–)7–24 cm; mericarp oil ducts 4 on commissure; Great Basin. | L. parryi |
12. Peduncles 0.5–2 mm wide 1 cm below apex, not inflated; leaves sparsely to densely scaberulous, blades (1.5–)2–11 cm; mericarp oil ducts 4–10 on commissure; Great Basin, w Colorado. | → 13 |
13. Fruiting pedicels (6–)10–17 mm; peduncles 4–9 cm; rays glabrous or sparsely scabrous; w Colorado. | L. eastwoodiae |
13. Fruiting pedicels 1–11 mm; peduncles 5–25(–32) cm; rays glabrous; Great Basin. | L. scabrum |
0. Involucel bractlets wide (obovate to oblanceolate, or broadly elliptic), or pinnately divided, or many bractlets fused more than 50% their length. | → 1 |
1. Ovaries and young fruits tomentose; mature mericarps glabrous or sparsely to densely tomentose, (7–)10–22(–28) mm; plant usually caulescent, rarely acaulous, sparsely to densely hairy; involucel bractlets, at least longer ones, usually exceeding flowers. | → 2 |
2. Petals usually tomentose, yellow-green, greenish, or purplish but appearing white due to hairs; leaf rachises noticeably channeled; mericarps orbiculate to ovate-oblong, length/width ratio 1.2–2, tomentose; California. | L. dasycarpum |
2. Petals nearly always glabrous, yellow, white, or purplish white; leaf rachises not channeled; mericarps narrowly oblong to broadly elliptic or lanceolate, length/width ratio 1.8–4, glabrous or sparsely to densely tomentose; w North America. | L. macrocarpum |
1. Ovaries and young fruits glabrous or hairy (but not tomentose); mature mericarps usually glabrous, sometimes hirtellous-pubescent, puberulent, granular-roughened, or sparsely scabrous, 4–15 mm; plants caulescent, short-caulescent, or acaulous, glabrous, scabrous, or hairy; involucel bractlets shorter to longer than flowers. | → 3 |
3. Petals purple, purplish white, or red; anthers purple. | → 4 |
4. Leaf blade ultimate segments linear, 10–80 mm. | L. marginatum |
4. Leaf blade ultimate segments elliptic, oblong, or ovate, sometimes linear, 1–10 mm. | → 5 |
5. Leaf blades glabrous or sparsely scabrous or puberulent, mainly on veins; fruiting pedicels (2–)3–9 mm; mericarp length/width ratio (2.2–)2.5–3.6; nw California (Siskiyou and Trinity counties), sw Oregon (Curry and Josephine counties). | L. engelmannii |
5. Leaf blades hispidulous, sometimes only near margins, or densely scabrous; fruiting pedicels 1.8–4 mm; mericarp length/width ratio 1.4–2.3; California North Coast. | → 6 |
6. Involucel bractlet margins green or narrowly scarious; rays scabrous; mericarp wings 0.3–0.6 mm wide, 10–25% of body width; elevation 1800–2200 m. | L. ciliolatum |
6. Involucel bractlet margins broadly scarious, rarely narrowly scarious; rays densely hairy with triangular hairs; mericarp wings 0.9–1.5 mm wide, 25–63% of body width; elevation 300–600 m. | L. hooveri |
3. Petals yellow, cream, white, sometimes tinged with purple, or pinkish; anthers purple, yellow, or white. | → 7 |
7. Most leaf blade ultimate segments 10+ mm; petals yellow. | → 8 |
8. Plants caulescent; ovaries and young fruits ± granular-roughened or puberulent when immature, usually glabrous when mature; mericarp wing 90–155% as wide as body; oil ducts 1–4 in intervals, 2–6 on commissure; east of Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada. | L. utriculatum |
8. Plants acaulous or short-caulescent; ovaries and young fruits glabrous; mericarp wings 25–90% as wide as body; oil ducts obscure; in or west of Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada. | → 9 |
9. Involucel bractlets usually 6+ per umbellet, broadly obovate to narrowly oblanceolate, rarely lanceolate; fruiting pedicels 0.5–5(–6) mm, shorter than or equaling fruit; peduncles glabrous or finely hispidulous along veins, often densely scabrous to hispidulous at apex; elevation 60–600 m. | L. caruifolium |
9. Involucel bractlets 0–5 per umbellet, narrowly to broadly linear or lanceolate, rarely narrowly oblanceolate; fruiting pedicels 3.5–13 mm, shorter than or longer than fruit; peduncles glabrous; elevation 200–1000 m. | L. marginatum |
7. Most or all leaf blade ultimate segments less than 10 mm; petals yellow, cream, white, sometimes tinged with purple, or pinkish. | → 10 |
10. Involucel bractlets of some umbellets, especially pistillate ones, connate 80+% their length, and those of other umbellets, especially staminate ones, distinct or connate basally, or connate most of their length into groups of 3–4; n Oregon, Washington, e foothills of Cascade Range east to Yakima County, Washington. | L. watsonii |
10. Involucel bractlets distinct or connate less than 50% their length, or absent; c, w North America. | → 11 |
11. Plants pubescent, hirtellous, or villous, hairs mostly more than 0.2 mm. | → 12 |
12. Ovaries and young fruits usually hairy, usually glabrate when mature. | → 13 |
13. Involucel bractlets glabrous; w Great Basin (California and Nevada). | L. austiniae |
13. Involucel bractlets hairy; Great Basin and Great Plains. | L. foeniculaceum |
12. Ovaries and fruits glabrous. | → 14 |
14. Petals white or pinkish white; anthers purple; mericarps 4.6–7.2 mm wide, wings 0.6–1.6 mm wide, 20–40% of body width; Great Plains. | L. orientale |
14. Petals yellow; anthers white or yellow; mericarps 2.7–5 mm wide, wings 0.3–0.7 mm, 10–25% of body width; n California. | → 15 |
15. Peduncles erect to ascending; rays 0.8–3 cm in fruit; involucel bractlets not ciliate; nw California (not in Santa Clara or Stanislaus County). | L. ciliolatum |
15. Peduncles decumbent (rarely to erect) when young, then erect to ascending; rays 1–8 cm in fruit; involucel bractlets usually ciliate; California (Santa Clara and Stanislaus counties). | L. observatorium |
11. Plants glabrous, scabrous, or puberulent, hairs, if present, to 0.1 mm. | → 16 |
16. Petals white, purplish white, or cream; anthers purple, pink-purple, or cream (sometimes yellow or yellow-green in L. engelmannii). | → 17 |
17. Plants ± pubescent, acaulous to caulescent; fertile rays 1–15; ovaries and young fruit densely pubescent, often glabrous at maturity; mericarps 4.7–9.4 × 3–8.4, length/width ratio 1–1.8; e of crests of Sierra Nevada and Cascade Range. | L. nevadense |
17. Plants glabrous, sparsely puberulent, or scaberulous; fertile rays 1–6(–8); ovaries and young fruit glabrous or granular-roughened when young, usually glabrous at maturity; mericarps 4.8–15 × 2–5.6 mm, length/width ratio 1.7–3.8(–4.4); n California, sw Oregon. | → 18 |
18. Leaf blade ultimate segments (1–)3–7(–18) mm; mericarp wings 1–2.8 mm wide; substrates not serpentine. | L. peckianum |
18. Leaf blade ultimate segments 0.5–3(–7) mm; mericarp wings 0.5–1.5 mm wide; substrates serpentine. | → 19 |
19. Petals purplish white or white; leaves blue-green or gray-green, seldom green, surfaces glabrous or sparsely scabrous or puberulent, mainly on veins, ultimate segment callus tips 0.1–0.2 mm; mericarps 7–14 mm, wings 1–1.5 mm wide; fruiting pedicels (2–)3–9 mm; n California, s Oregon. | L. engelmannii |
19. Petals white; leaves green or blue-green, surfaces glabrous, ultimate segment callus tips 0–0.1 mm; mericarps 4.8–10(–11.5) mm, wings 0.5–1 mm wide; fruiting pedicels 1–5(–6) mm; n California. | L. tracyi |
16. Petals yellow; anthers yellow or cream. | → 20 |
20. Involucel bractlets deeply dissected, sometimes 2-pinnate; nw Oregon (Willamette Valley), sw Washington. | L. bradshawii |
20. Involucel bractlets entire, toothed, or lobed; w North America but not nw Oregon or sw Washington. | → 21 |
21. Plants caulescent; pedicels (1.5–)2–15 mm in fruit. | → 22 |
22. Leaf blade ultimate segments linear, 0.2–25(–48) mm; w of Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada. | L. utriculatum |
22. Leaf blade ultimate segments elliptic, oblong, or ovate, 1–10(–15) mm; e of Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada. | → 23 |
23. Fruiting pedicels (1.5–)2–4(–7) mm; taproots often with shallow, tuberlike swelling; leaf blade ultimate segments (15–)50–400 per leaf, (1–)6–10(–15) mm; petioles sheathing but usually not conspicuously expanded. | L. cous |
23. Fruiting pedicels 3–15 mm; taproots slender; leaf blade ultimate segments (300–)400–1000 per leaf, 1–5 mm; petioles usually conspicuously expanded and sheathing. | L. vaginatum |
21. Plants acaulous or short-caulescent; pedicels 1–5(–7) mm in fruit. | → 24 |
24. Ovaries and young fruits usually granular-roughened when young, sometimes becoming glabrous with age; taproots often with shallow, tuberlike swellings; e of Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada, Alberta, Washington to Oregon, east to Montana and Utah. | L. cous |
24. Ovaries and young fruits glabrous; taproots slender; California w of Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada, sw Oregon. | → 25 |
25. Involucel bractlets 3–10 mm; mericarp wings 1–2 mm wide; peduncles 15–40 cm; vernal pools; sw Oregon. | L. cookii |
25. Involucel bractlets 1–4 mm; mericarp wings 0.5–1 mm wide; peduncles 0.8–20 cm; upland habitats; n California. | → 26 |
26. Mericarp length/width ratio 1.7–1.9, wings 15–25% of body width; involucel bractlet margins usually ciliate; caudices with persistent blackish leaf bases; substrates volcanic; California (Santa Clara & Stanislaus counties). | L. observatorium |
26. Mericarp length/width ratio 1.7–2.6(–3.2), wings 40–70% of body width; involucel bractlet margins glabrous; caudices with persistent leaf bases weathering to narrow chaffy to chartaceous scales and sometimes to fibers; substrates serpentine; nw California (Klamath region and North Coast ). | L. tracyi |
0. Leaf blade ultimate segments, or some of them, 11–85(–130) mm. | → 1 |
1. Plants 30–200(–220) cm, caulescent (sometimes acaulous in L. columbianum with inflated peduncles); umbels 5–25 cm wide in fruit; mericarps 7–32 mm. | → 2 |
2. Leaf blade ultimate segments 5–200 per leaf Key I, p. 371. | → 2 |
2. Leaf blade ultimate segments 400-8000 per leaf. | → 3 |
3. Petals pink or purple; plants blue-green, strongly glaucous; peduncles becoming inflated with age; Oregon, Washington (Columbia River Gorge to Yakima County). | L. columbianum |
3. Petals yellow, brown, maroon-red, or purplish, sometimes tinged with yellow or yellow-green; plants green to blue-green, sometimes slightly glaucous; peduncles not becoming inflated (though often hollow); w North America, including range of L. columbianum. | → 4 |
4. Petals yellow, brown, maroon, or purplish, sometimes tinged yellow or yellow-green; fertile rays (1–)6–30; leaves green to blue-green, blade ultimate segments 1000–8000 per leaf; mericarps: wings 10–30% of body width, oil ducts obscure; w North America. | → 5 |
5. Fruiting pedicels 0.6–3(–4) mm, shorter than pedicels of staminate flowers; petals usually brown, maroon-red, or purplish, occasionally ± tinged yellow or yellow-green; s British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California, chiefly w of Cascade Ranges but also in n Idaho. | L. dissectum |
5. Fruiting pedicels 4–20, longer than pedicels of staminate flowers; petals usually yellow, occasionally brown or purplish; Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan s to California, Arizona, Colorado. | L. multifidum |
4. Petals yellow; fertile rays 6–15; leaves green, blade ultimate segments 400–1000 per leaf; mericarps: wings 33–70% of body width, oil ducts 1–4 in intervals, 2 on commissure; Oregon and Washington (Columbia River Gorge and Chelan County, Washington). | → 6 |
6. Plants glabrous; leaf blade ultimate segments 10–50 × 1–5 mm; ovaries and fruit glabrous; mericarps 20–32 mm; Oregon and Washington (Columbia River Gorge). | L. suksdorfii |
6. Plants sparsely hairy to scabrous; leaf blade ultimate segments 4–16(–20) × 1–2 mm; ovaries and young fruit hirtellous, becoming glabrous; mericarps 15–20(–29) mm; Washington (Chelan County). | L. thompsonii |
1. Plants 1–60 cm, caulescent, short-caulescent, or acaulous; umbels 1–15 cm wide (to 19 cm wide on San Nicholas Island) in fruit; mericarps 2–18.6 mm. | → 7 |
7. Leaf blade ultimate segments 300–1300+ per leaf; umbels 11–19 cm wide in fruit; San Nicholas Island, California. | L. insulare |
7. Leaf blade ultimate segments 5–250 per leaf (to 600 in L. swingerae and sometimes in L. orientale); umbels 1–15 cm wide in fruit; w North America but not San Nicholas Island, California. | → 8 |
8. Leaf blades 1.5–2.3(–3.5) cm; caudices multicipital; mericarps 2.9–5 mm; elevation 2400–2800 m; ne Oregon. | L. greenmanii |
8. Leaf blades, or at least some of them, 5–21 cm; caudices simple or few-branched to multicipital; mericarps 2–18.6 mm, if less than 5 mm then caudices simple or 2–3-branched; elevation 0–3000 m; w North America. | → 9 |
9. Petals white; anthers purple; plants hairy; Great Plains. | L. orientale |
9. Petals white, yellow, or purple; anthers purple or yellow; plants hairy or glabrous; in or w of Rocky Mountains. | → 10 |
10. Leaves quinate; petals yellow; Kittitas County, Washington. | L. quintuplex |
10. Leaves mostly ternate; petals yellow, white, or purple; w North America. | → 11 |
11. Plants caulescent; cauline leaves present, sometimes reduced. | → 12 |
12. Petals brown, purple, or orange; leaf blade ultimate segment callus tips 0.3–1 mm, stiff, spinelike; California (Inyo County). | L. rigidum |
12. Petals yellow, ochroleucous, cream, white, or ± purplish; leaf blade ultimate segment callus tips 0–0.3 mm, or if to 1 mm (L. brandegeei), firm but not spinelike; w North America but not Inyo County, California. | → 13 |
13. Leaf blade ultimate segments apparently entire, though actually minutely serrulate (20×); pedicels reflexed when fruit is mature; s British Columbia, Washington. | L. brandegeei |
13. Leaf blade ultimate segments entire, toothed, or lobed; pedicels spreading to erect when fruit is mature; w North America. | → 14 |
14. Cauline leaves with more than 5 leaf blade ultimate segments; plants 5–200(–210) cm. | → 15 |
15. Rays strictly ascending in fruit, usually spreading in flower; fruiting pedicels 0–2(–3) mm, shorter than fruit; mericarps 6–16(–17) mm, length/width ratio 3.5–6, wings 0.2–0.5(–0.9) mm wide. | L. leptocarpum |
15. Rays ascending to spreading in fruit, spreading in flower; fruiting pedicels (1–)2-18 mm, shorter or longer than fruit; mericarps 4–18 mm (to 32 mm in L. suksdorfii), length/width ratio (1.2–)1.4–4.8(–7.5), wings 0.5–3.2 mm wide Key I, p. 371. | → 14 |
14. Distal cauline leaves much reduced with 1–3 leaf blade ultimate segments; plants 5–36 cm. | → 16 |
16. Anthers white or yellow; petals white, cream, or ochroleucous to ± purplish; mericarps 4–18 mm, length/width ratio 1.9–3.8. | → 17 |
17. Mericarps 10–18 mm; petals yellow, white, cream, or ochroleucous to ± purplish; Idaho, w Montana, ne Oregon, se Washington (not Kittitas County). | L. cusickii |
17. Mericarps 4–7.8 mm; petals bright yellow; Washington (Kittitas County). | L. knokei |
16. Anthers purple; petals white; mericarps 2.5–9 mm, length/width ratio 1–2.5. | → 18 |
18. Leaves mostly 1–2-ternate or ternate-pinnate, ultimate segments (3–)9–30 per leaf; mericarps not compressed, wings reduced to ribs 0.3–0.5 mm wide, corky-thickened and inflexed into commissure; habitat usually moist sandy or loamy soil near vernal snowbanks; Washington and n Oregon e of Cascade Range, also Idaho, s Montana, nw Wyoming. | L. linearifolium |
18. Leaves 1–2(–3)-ternate-(0–)1–2-pinnate-0–2-pinnatifid, ultimate segments 10–80 per leaf; mericarps dorsiventrally compressed, wings well developed, 0.7–1.5 mm wide, not corky-thickened, spreading, flat; habitat usually seasonally wet rocky soils on scablands, basins, and open slopes; California, Idaho, Oregon, Washington. | L. piperi |
11. Plants acaulous or short-caulescent; cauline leaves absent. | → 19 |
19. Ovaries and young mericarps granular-roughened when young, sometimes becoming smooth with age; petals white, cream, or purple. | → 20 |
20. Ovaries and young fruit granular-roughened with up to 200 papillae per mm2 when young; mature mericarps 4.5–7(–8) mm. | L. gormanii |
20. Ovaries and young fruit more sparsely granular-roughened when young; mature mericarps 6–15 mm. | → 21 |
21. Taproots usually moniliform, with shallow to deep, tuberlike swellings; leaf blade ultimate segments (10–)20–50 per leaf, (0.2–)10–50 mm; British Columbia, Idaho, Montana, and Washington. | L. geyeri |
21. Taproots slender; leaf blade ultimate segments 50–200 per leaf, (1–)3–7(–18) mm; s Oregon and California. | L. peckianum |
19. Ovaries and young mericarps smooth, glabrous (occasionally scaberulous when young in L. idahoense, becoming glabrous); petals white, yellow, or purple. | → 22 |
22. Leaf blade ultimate segments 50–600 per leaf. | → 23 |
23. Leaf blade ultimate segments 250–600 per leaf, strongly ascending in life, 0.1–0.6(–0.9) mm wide (when dry); taproots with shallow, subglobose, tuberlike-swellings; Idaho (Idaho County). | L. swingerae |
23. Leaf blade ultimate segments 50–250 per leaf, ascending to spreading in life, 0.2–9.7 mm wide (when dry); taproots slender or occasionally moniliform, tuberlike swellings absent or if present usually fusiform; w North America, including Idaho County, Idaho. | → 24 |
24. Involucel bractlets usually absent Key I, p. 371. | → 24 |
24. Involucel bractlets usually present. | → 25 |
25. Mericarp wings 0.2–0.5(–0.9) mm wide, 10–40% of body width (to 55% in L. leptocarpum). | → 26 |
26. Mericarp length/width ratio 3.6–6, oil ducts 1 in intervals; leaf blade ultimate segments 0.5–1.4(–2) mm wide; w North America. | L. leptocarpum |
26. Mericarp length/width ratio 1.9–3.8, oil ducts 3–5 in intervals; leaf blade ultimate segments 0.2–6(–9.7) mm wide; Oregon (Umatilla and Union counties) or Washington (Kittitas County). | → 27 |
27. Peduncles strongly ascending to erect; petals yellow; rays 0.2–5.3 cm in fruit; Washington (Kittitas County). | L. knokei |
27. Peduncles usually strongly decumbent, becoming ascending to erect distally with age; petals yellow or occasionally cream with green midrib; rays 1–10.5 cm in fruit; ne Oregon (Umatilla and Union counties). | L. pastorale |
25. Mericarp wings 0.5–2.8 mm wide, 25–80% of body width. | → 28 |
28. Leaf blade ultimate segments mostly less than 10 mm; petals white or cream; anthers purple; vernal pools; n California, s Oregon. | L. peckianum |
28. Leaf blade ultimate segments 50–130 mm; petals yellow, cream, ochroleucous, or purple (rarely white in e Idaho), if white, cream or ochroleucous, anthers white or yellow; anthers yellow, white, or purple; various habitats, but not vernal pools; w North America. | → 29 |
29. Rays and peduncles glabrous or sparsely to densely covered with short, peg-like papillae; California. | L. marginatum |
29. Rays and peduncles glabrous, scabrous, or hirtellous; w North America but not California Key I, p. 371. | → 22 |
22. Leaf blade ultimate segments (1–)3–50 per leaf. | → 30 |
30. Leaf blade ultimate segments (1–)3–7 per leaf; caudices with persistent peduncles; Utah (Emery, Garfield, Sevier, and Wayne counties). | L. junceum |
30. Leaf blade ultimate segments 3–50 per leaf; peduncles without persistent peduncles; w North America. | → 31 |
31. Fruiting pedicels 4–25 mm, longer than fruit; involucel bractlets present on most umbellets; mericarp lateral wings 0.3–0.6(–0.7) mm wide; e of Cascade Range in Pacific Northwest. | L. farinosum |
31. Fruiting pedicels 0–15 mm, shorter to longer than fruit; involucel bractlets present or absent on most umbellets; mericarp lateral wings 0–3.2 mm wide; w North America. | → 32 |
32. Mericarps not or slightly dorsiventrally compressed, lateral wings absent, reduced to ribs, or inflexed into commissure; petals white to cream; leaf blade ultimate segments 3–30 per leaf; peduncles ascending to erect, shorter than or exceeding leaves. | → 33 |
33. Anthers white or yellowish; mericarps (4.4–)5–11.6 mm, length/width ratio 5–20; peduncles 8.3–14.5 cm, exceeding leaves; rays 3–15 mm in fruit; Idaho, historically in Washington. | L. tenuissimum |
33. Anthers purple, red, or dark orange; mericarps 2–9 mm, length/width ratio 1–7(–9); peduncles 2–15 cm, usually subequal to or shorter than leaves, at least in flower; rays 0.2–3.5(–6) mm in fruit; w North America. | → 34 |
34. Mericarps 4.9–9 mm, length/width ratio 4.9–7(–9); peduncles 2–4 cm, shorter than leaves; fruiting pedicels 1–6 mm; Washington. | L. lithosolamans |
34. Mericarps 2–5 mm, length/width ratio 1–2.3; peduncles 2–15 cm, longer or shorter than leaves; fruiting pedicels 0–2(–3) mm; w North America. | → 35 |
35. Taproots slender or with poorly defined, fusiform tuberlike swelling; mericarp length/width ratio 1.2–2.3; California, Oregon. | L. fusiformis |
35. Taproots usually with well-defined, globose to ovoid, sometimes fusiform, tuberlike swellings; mericarp length/width ratio about 1; w North America. | L. linearifolium |
32. Mericarps dorsiventrally compressed (not or slightly compressed in L. leptocarpum with well-developed, spreading lateral wings); lateral wings well developed though sometimes narrow; petals white, yellow, or purple; leaf blade ultimate segments (5–)7–250 per leaf; peduncles decumbent to erect, exceeding leaves (sometimes shorter in L. idahoense). | → 36 |
36. Involucel bractlets absent on most or all umbellets. | → 37 |
37. Basal leaf blades 4–12 cm; peduncles scaberulous to scabrous, rarely glabrous; rays scabrous; mericarp length/width ratio 2.3–4.2; Idaho. | L. idahoense |
37. Basal leaf blades 2–5(–6) cm; peduncles and rays glabrous; mericarp length/width ratio 2.1–2.3; California. | L. stebbinsii |
36. Involucel bractlets present on most umbellets. | → 38 |
38. Mericarp wings 1–2.8 mm wide, 30–80% of body width. | → 39 |
39. Leaf blades oblong; Mesa County, Colorado, se Utah. | L. latilobum |
39. Leaf blades triangular to ovate or rhombic; w North America. | → 40 |
40. Petals white; anthers rose to purple; taproots usually moniliform, with shallow to deep, subglobose to ovoid, tuberlike swellings; British Columbia, Idaho, Montana, and Washington. | L. geyeri |
40. Petals yellow, purple, or sometimes purplish white; anthers yellow or purple; taproots slender; California Key E, p. 356. | → 38 |
38. Mericarp wings 0.1–0.6 mm wide, 10-40% of body width (to 55% in L. leptocarpum). | → 41 |
41. Mericarp length/width ratio 3.5–6; petals yellow, rarely white; anthers yellow. | → 42 |
42. Mericarps 2.7–5(–7.5) mm wide, wings 0.5–1.5(–2) mm wide Key I, p. 371. | → 42 |
42. Mericarps (0.6–)1.5–3 mm wide, wings 0.2–0.5(–0.9) mm wide. | → 43 |
43. Rays strictly ascending in fruit; mericarps 6–16(–17) mm; Washington to California, east to Colorado. | L. leptocarpum |
43. Rays ± ascending in fruit; mericarps 4–7.8 mm; Washington (Kittitas County). | L. knokei |
41. Mericarp length/width ratio 1.5–3(–3.6); petals yellow, white, cream, or purple; anthers yellow or purple. | → 44 |
44. Plants 5–70(–80) cm; peduncles ascending to erect; fruiting pedicels 1–11(–15) mm; mericarp wings (0.4–)0.5–1.8(–2) mm, (5–)10–140% of body width Key I, p. 371. | → 44 |
44. Plants 1–37 cm; peduncles prostrate to erect; fruiting pedicels 0.5–3.8(–5.4) mm; mericarps wings 0.1–0.5(–0.6) mm wide, 10–40% of body width. | → 45 |
45. Peduncles strongly ascending to erect; leaf blade ultimate segments 30–150 per leaf, 3–27 mm; Washington (Kittitas County). | L. knokei |
45. Peduncles prostrate or decumbent, sometimes becoming ascending to erect with age; leaf blade ultimate segments (5–)10–80 per leaf, 1–60 mm; ne Oregon. | → 46 |
46. Mericarps 5–11.5 × 2.2–3.8 mm; leaf blade ultimate segments 0.8–6(–9.7) mm wide; peduncles usually strongly decumbent, becoming ascending to erect distally with age; Umatilla and Union counties, Oregon. | L. pastorale |
46. Mericarps (3.7–)5–5.5(–8) × 1.5–2.7 mm; leaf blade ultimate segments 0.5–3.8 mm wide; peduncles usually prostrate to occasionally weakly to moderately ascending, never erect; Grant and Baker counties, Oregon. | L. tarantuloides |
0. Leaf blade ultimate segments 0.1–10 mm; leaves, peduncles, and rays glabrous, papillate, scaberulous, or scabrous. | → 1 |
1. Leaves forming one rosette atop pseudoscape, which often is aerial; leaves glabrous, scabrous, or papillate; mericarp abaxial ribs forming wings about as wide as lateral wings; Colorado. | L. planosum |
1. Leaves arising at slightly different heights atop pseudoscape or if forming one rosette atop pseudoscape, not in Colorado, or pseudoscape absent; leaves glabrous or scabrous; mericarp abaxial ribs not or slightly raised (sometimes winglike but much narrower than lateral wings in L. geyeri, L. greenmanii, L. martindalei, and L. serpentinum); w North America. | → 2 |
2. Callus tips on leaf blade ultimate segments 0.3–1 mm, stiff, spinelike; petals purple, brown, or orange; California. | → 3 |
3. Plants 15–60 cm; petioles shorter than leaf blades; rays 2.5–5 cm in fruit; fruiting pedicels 1–5.1 mm; Inyo County, California. | L. rigidum |
3. Plants 4–12 cm; petioles usually 2–3 times longer than leaf blades; rays 0.1–0.8(–2) cm in fruit; fruiting pedicels 0.5–1 mm; Kern County, California. | L. shevockii |
2. Callus tips on leaf blade ultimate segments 0–0.5 mm, firm but not spinelike; petals white, yellow, cream, ochroleucous, brown, maroon-red, pink, purplish, sometimes tinged with yellow; w North America. | → 4 |
4. Plants 30–130(–220) cm; leaf blade ultimate segments 1000–8000 per leaf; petals yellow, brown, maroon-red, or pink, purplish, sometimes tinged with yellow; mericarps 7–30 mm, length/width ratio 1.3–3. | → 5 |
5. Leaves blue-green, strongly glaucous; peduncles inflated at maturity, ± brittle; petals pink or purple; mericarps 15–30 mm; Oregon and Washington (Columbia River Gorge and Yakima County). | L. columbianum |
5. Plants green to blue-green, sometimes slightly glaucous; peduncles not inflated, not brittle; petals yellow, brown, maroon-red, or purplish, sometimes tinged with yellow; mericarps 7–15(–20) mm; w North America. | → 6 |
6. Fruiting pedicels 0.6–3(–4) mm, shorter than pedicels of staminate flowers; petals brown, maroon-red, or purplish, occasionally ± tinged yellow or yellow-green; s British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California, chiefly w of Cascade Ranges but also in n Idaho. | L. dissectum |
6. Fruiting pedicels 4–20 mm, longer than pedicels of staminate flowers; petals yellow, occasionally brown or purplish; British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan s to California, Arizona, and Colorado, chiefly east of the Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada. | L. multifidum |
4. Plants 3–62(–80) cm; leaf blade ultimate segments (3–)5–5000 per leaf; petals yellow, white, brown, pink, or purple; mericarps 2.9–16.3(–30) mm, length/width ratio 1–6. | → 7 |
7. Petals pink, rose, purple, red-purple, brown, or white, if white then anthers purple, rose, or reddish; peduncles sometimes inflated at maturity. | → 8 |
8. Petals purple, red-purple, rose, pink or brown. | → 9 |
9. Most leaf blade ultimate segments more than 5 mm. | → 10 |
10. Plants 30–80(–150) cm; leaf blades 5–20 × 10–30+ cm, ultimate segments 1000–3000 per leaf; rays 3–20 cm; mericarps 15–30 × 8–15.5 mm. | L. columbianum |
10. Plants 3–17 cm; leaf blades 2–6 × (0.7–)1.1–4.2 cm, ultimate segments (5–)10–40(–70) per leaf; mericarps 4.5–7(–8) × 3–5 mm. | L. gormanii |
9. Most leaf blade ultimate segments no more than 5 mm. | → 11 |
11. Leaf blade ultimate segments 0.3–0.6 mm wide; peduncles 2–8(–11) mm wide 1 cm below umbel, sometimes inflated; rays 1–6 cm in fruit. | → 12 |
12. Petals purple to dark pink; anthers purple; leaf blades 5–12 × 2.7–10 cm; talus slopes and stone stripes, nc Oregon. | L. minus |
12. Petals salmon pink; anthers yellow; leaf blades 8–35 × 5.5–16(–27) cm; rocky slopes, Snake River and its major tributaries, ec Idaho, se Washington. | L. salmoniflorum |
11. Leaf blade ultimate segments 0.5–1.5 mm wide; peduncles 1–3(–3.5) mm wide 1 cm below umbel, not inflated; rays 0.1–13 cm in fruit. | → 13 |
13. Plants 25–55(–60) cm, usually caulescent, sometimes acaulous; petals red-purple or brown; mericarp wings 10–15% of body width; Washington (Chelan and Kittitas counties). | L. cuspidatum |
13. Plants 2–30 cm, acaulous or very short short-caulescent; petals purplish white; mericarp wings 15–75% of body width; n California, Oregon. | → 14 |
14. Plants (5–)10–30 cm, leaf blades 2.5–30 × (2.4–)3–8.5 cm; rays 1–13 cm in fruit; mericarps 7–14 mm, wings 1–1.5 mm wide, 35–75% of body width; nw California, sw Oregon. | L. engelmannii |
14. Plants 2–7(–12) cm; leaf blades 1–3.5 × 0.5–2.7 cm; rays 0.1–1.5(–2) cm in fruit; mericarps 6.8–9 mm, wings 0.4–0.8 mm, 15–36% of body width; e Oregon (Baker County). | L. erythrocarpum |
8. Petals white. | → 15 |
15. Leaf blade ultimate segments 0.5–4.3(–6) mm. | → 16 |
16. Plants 2–7(–12) cm; leaf blades 1–3.5 cm; peduncles 1–5.5 cm; ovaries and mericarps glossy, oil ducts (2–)3–5 in intervals; Oregon (Baker County). | L. erythrocarpum |
16. Plants (3–)5–40(–80) cm; leaf blades (2–)2.5–20 cm; peduncles (2.5–)5–30 cm; ovaries and mericarps not glossy, oil ducts 1–2 in intervals; w North America. | → 17 |
17. Rays 1–13 cm in fruit; mericarp length/width ratio (2.2–)2.5–3.6, wings about same color as body; Klamath Region, nw California, sw Oregon. | L. engelmannii |
17. Rays 0.5–3.7 cm in fruit; mericarp length/width ratio 1.2–2.6, wings paler than body; east of Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada, w United States. | → 18 |
18. Fruiting pedicels often longer than fruit; fruiting rays 5–17; Washington and Idaho to northern Nevada and California, including Lassen County. | L. canbyi |
18. Fruiting pedicels shorter than fruit; fruiting rays 1–5(–8); California, in the vicinity of Ravendale, Lassen County. | L. ravenii |
15. Leaf blade ultimate segments 2–60 mm, most longer than 6 mm. | → 19 |
19. Plants caulescent; cauline leaves present but reduced. | → 20 |
20. Mericarp lateral wings reduced to ribs, corky-thickened, inflexed into commissure, 0.3–0.5 mm wide; mericarps 2.5–4(–5) mm; habitat usually moist sandy or loamy soil near vernal snowbanks. | L. linearifolium |
20. Mericarp lateral wings well developed, not corky-thickened, spreading, flat, 0.7–1.5 mm wide; mericarps 4.5–9 mm; habitat usually seasonally wet rocky soils on scablands, basins, and open slopes. | L. piperi |
19. Plants acaulous, rarely short-caulescent; cauline leaves absent. | → 21 |
21. Mericarp wings reduced to ribs, corky-thickened, inflexed into commissure; leaf blade ultimate segments (3–)9–30 per leaf. | L. linearifolium |
21. Mericarp wings not corky-thickened, flat; leaf blade ultimate segments (5–)10–50(–70) per leaf. | → 22 |
22. Fruiting pedicels 4–25 mm; umbels open in fruit; leaf blade ultimate segments 10–30(–40) per leaf; Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington. | L. farinosum |
22. Fruiting pedicels 0.5–4(–5) mm; umbels ± congested in fruit; leaf blade ultimate segments (5–)10–50(–70) per leaf; w North America. | → 23 |
23. Peduncles usually prostrate to occasionally weakly to moderately ascending, never erect; plants 1–17 cm; umbels 0.4–1.8 cm wide in flower; Oregon (Baker and Grant counties). | L. tarantuloides |
23. Peduncles decumbent or ascending to erect; plants 3–55 cm; umbels 0.5–3(–6) cm wide in flower; British Columbia, Idaho, Montana, Oregon (including Grant County), Washington. | → 24 |
24. Petioles usually sheathing 1/4 length, sometimes basally to less than 1/2 length; ovaries and fruits glabrous or rarely with up to 5 papillae per mm2 when young, becoming smooth with age; taproots usually moniliform; leaf blade ultimate segments (0.2–)10–50 mm; plants 10–40(–45) cm. | L. geyeri |
24. Petioles usually sheathing entire length, sometimes less; ovaries and fruits granular-roughened, with up to 200 papillae per mm2 when young, sometimes becoming smooth with age; taproots with a single, rounded, usually shallowly seated tuberlike swelling; leaf blade ultimate segments 3–20(–30) mm; plants 3–17 cm. | L. gormanii |
7. Petals yellow or white, sometimes with reddish wash distally or tinged with purple; anthers yellow or white; peduncles not inflated. | → 25 |
25. Mericarps 7–12 mm wide, wings 2–3.2 mm wide; San Nicholas Island, California. | L. insulare |
25. Mericarps (0.6–)1.5–8(–9) mm wide, wings 0.1–2.1 mm wide; w North America, but not San Nicholas Island, California. | → 26 |
26. Plants 2–10(–12) cm; leaf blades 1–3.5 cm; elevation 2200–2800 m; ne Oregon. | L. greenmanii |
26. Plants 3–65 cm; leaf blades 2–30 cm; elevation 150–3400 m; w North America. | → 27 |
27. Petals pinkish yellow or yellow washed with red distally; leaf blade ultimate segments 400-1500 per leaf. | → 28 |
28. Petals salmon yellow; leaf blade ultimate segments 0.3–0.6 mm wide, linear or lanceolate; peduncles 9–27 cm; canyons of lower Snake and Clearwater rivers, Idaho, Washington. | L. salmoniflorum |
28. Petals yellow, often with an irregular red wash distally; leaf blade ultimate segments 0.4–2.1 mm wide, elliptic to oblanceolate to oblong; peduncles 18–42 cm; Washington (Chelan County). | L. roneorum |
27. Petals yellow or white; leaf blade ultimate segments 5–1000 per leaf. | → 29 |
29. Leaf blade ultimate segments linear or lanceolate, 0.4–0.6 mm wide; petioles (at least some) strongly scabrous; plants caulescent; n Rocky Mountains. | L. sandbergii |
29. Leaf blade ultimate segment shape various, 0.2–3 mm wide; petioles glabrous or obscurely scabrous; plants acaulous, short-caulescent, or caulescent; w North America. | → 30 |
30. Leaf blade ultimate segments linear or narrowly elliptic or oblong to lanceolate, length/width ratio (3–)4.4–35 (1–5 in L. kogholiini). | → 31 |
31. Petals salmon yellow; leaf blades 8–35 cm; umbels 6.4–12 cm wide in fruit; mericarps 4.6–7 mm wide; canyons of lower Snake and Clearwater rivers, Idaho, Washington. | L. salmoniflorum |
31. Petals yellow, white, greenish white, or rarely purplish white; leaf blades 2–21 cm; umbels 1–13.5 cm wide in fruit; mericarps (0.6–)1.5–7(–8) mm wide; w North America. | → 32 |
32. Caudices with dense, persistent leaf bases weathering to shredded, gray-brown, chaffy scales; Sierra Nevada, wc California. | L. torreyi |
32. Caudices with sparse, persistent leaf sheaths weathering into thatch of fibrous, chaffy, or chartaceous scales, or caudices without persistent leaf sheaths; w North America. | → 33 |
33. Involucel bractlets absent, at least on most umbellets; California. | → 34 |
34. Basal leaf blades 2–5(–6) × 2–5(–6) cm, ultimate segments 10–41 per leaf, 1–2 mm wide; umbels 0.9–1.5 cm wide in flower, 1.5–3.8 cm wide in fruit; rays 2–5, 0.1–1.2 cm in fruit; fruiting pedicels 0.4–2(–2.5) mm; mericarp wings 0.2–0.6 mm wide, 10–25% of body width; elevation 1200–1700 m; California (Calaveras and Tuolumne counties). | L. stebbinsii |
34. Basal leaf blades 3–21 × 2.2–16 cm, ultimate segments 80–400 per leaf, 0.5–1 mm wide; umbels 2.2–5 cm wide in flower, 2.5–13 cm wide in fruit; rays 4–18, 0.5–13.5 cm in fruit; fruiting pedicels 3–16 mm; mericarp wings 0.5–1.3 mm wide, 30–80% of body width; elevation 300–1200 m; California (Mariposa, Mendocino, and Tuolumne counties). | → 35 |
35. Rays 6–18 per umbel; leaves green or gray-green; oil ducts 2–4 on commissure; Mariposa and Tuolumne counties, California. | L. congdonii |
35. Rays 4–7 per umbel; leaves green; oil ducts 4–6 on commissure; Mendocino County, California. | L. kogholiini |
33. Involucel bractlets present on at least some umbellets; w North America. | → 36 |
36. Rays to 11 cm, strictly ascending, and markedly unequal in fruit, usually spreading in flower; mericarps 6–16(–17) mm, length/width ratio 3.5–6; open slopes and seasonally wet meadows in shrub steppe, especially in heavy clay soils; e of crests of Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada. | L. leptocarpum |
36. Rays to 7 cm, spreading to ± ascending, and subequal to unequal in fruit, spreading in flower; mericarps (3.7–)4–7.8(–8) mm, length/width ratio 1.5–3.8; habitats various; e or w of Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada. | → 37 |
37. Mericarp wings 1–1.2 mm wide; involucel bractlets shorter than or exceeding flowers; w of crests of Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada Key E, p. 356. | → 37 |
37. Mericarp wings 0.1–0.6(–0.7) mm wide; involucel bractlets subequal to or shorter than flowers; e of crests of Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada. | → 38 |
38. Leaf blade ultimate segments 30–150 per leaf, peduncles (5–)10–30(–37) cm, strongly ascending to erect; involucel bractlets 1.5–6.4 mm; fruiting pedicels (1–)2–3.8 mm, shorter than fruit; moist lowlands; Washington (Kittitas County). | L. knokei |
38. Leaf blade ultimate segments 10–42 per leaf; peduncles (2–)4–18 cm, curved-ascending or prostrate to decumbent (if over 9 cm, then prostrate to decumbent, ne Oregon; if under 9 cm, then fruiting pedicels 4–25 cm, longer than fruit, habitat grasslands); involucel bractlets 0.6–3.2 mm; fruiting pedicels 0.5–25 cm, subequal to or longer than fruit; grasslands or moist lowlands; Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington (including Kittitas County). | → 39 |
39. Peduncles 4–9 cm, curved-ascending; umbels 3–9 cm wide in fruit; fruiting pedicels 4–25 mm, longer than fruit; grasslands; Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington. | L. farinosum |
39. Peduncles (2–)5.5–18 cm, usually prostrate to occasionally weakly to moderately ascending, never erect; umbels 1.5–4.7 cm wide in fruit; fruiting pedicels 0.5–3 mm, subequal to fruit; vernally moist soils becoming dry and barren, usually on serpentine substrates; ne Oregon. | L. tarantuloides |
30. Leaf blade ultimate segments broadly triangular, ovate, elliptic, or oblanceolate, sometimes a few oblong, length/width ratio (0.8–)1–3.5(–5). | → 40 |
40. Leaf blade penultimate segments broad, more than 2 mm wide, ultimate segments broadly triangular to ovate; British Columbia, n California, Oregon, Washington. | → 41 |
41. Plants 4–8(–10) cm; leaf blade ultimate segment apices obtuse or rounded, sometimes acute; involucel bractlets usually 8, conspicuous; e of Cascade Range, Oregon (Crook County). | L. ochocense |
41. Plants (4–)8–40(–55) cm; leaf blade ultimate segment apices acute, obtuse, or rounded; involucel bractlets usually 0–5, inconspicuous if present; in or w of Cascade Range, British Columbia, n California, Oregon, Washington. | → 42 |
42. Leaves green, shiny; outline of leaf blade tip usually acute to narrowly obtuse; mericarps 5–9 mm; leaf blade ultimate segments 0.2–0.8(–1.2) mm wide, apices mostly acute, sometimes obtuse; w of Cascade Range in California and Oregon. | L. hallii |
42. Leaves blue-green, not shiny; outline of leaf blade tip usually obtuse to rounded; mericarps (6–)8–16 mm; leaf blade ultimate segments 0.6–2 mm wide, apices obtuse or rounded, sometimes acute; in and w of Cascade Range in British Columbia to California. | L. martindalei |
40. Leaf blade penultimate segments narrow, usually less than 2 mm wide, ultimate segments narrowly elliptic to ovate or oblanceolate; w North America. | → 43 |
43. Leaf blade ultimate segments delicate, thin, 0.2–0.8(–1.2) mm wide, apices mostly acute, sometimes obtuse; leaves green, shiny; w of Cascade Range in California and Oregon. | L. hallii |
43. Leaf blade ultimate segments relatively firm, thick or thin, 0.4–2(–2.5) mm wide, apices acute, obtuse, or rounded; leaves green, blue-green, gray-green, or olive green, shiny or not; w North America. | → 44 |
44. Peduncles scaberulous distally; plants usually caulescent, rarely short-caulescent; w Montana, n Wyoming. | L. attenuatum |
44. Peduncles glabrous or scaberulous distally; plants acaulous, short-caulescent, or caulescent; w North America, but not w Montana, n Wyoming. | → 45 |
45. Leaves green, shiny; leaf blade ultimate segments 300–1000 per leaf; fruiting pedicels 3–15 mm; wc Idaho, ne Oregon, se Washington. | L. serpentinum |
45. Leaves green, blue-green, gray-green, or olive green, shiny or not; leaf blade ultimate segments 30–900 per leaf; fruiting pedicels 2–12 mm; w North America. | → 46 |
46. Plants acaulous, pseudoscapes absent; caudices with persistent leaf bases weathering to fibers; w of Cascade Range in California and Oregon Key E, p. 356. | → 46 |
46. Plants acaulous, short-caulescent to caulescent, if acaulous, pseudoscapes usually present; caudices usually without persistent leaf bases or with a few chaffy scales; e of Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada in California, Oregon, Idaho, and Nevada. | → 47 |
47. Petals purplish white with purple midvein, fading to white; plants 2–7(–12) cm; leaf blades 1–3.5 cm; peduncles 1–5.5 cm; Oregon (Baker County). | L. erythrocarpum |
47. Petals yellow; plants 8–37 cm; leaf blades 3–10.5 cm; peduncles 6–30 cm; e of Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada in California, Oregon, Idaho, and Nevada. | → 48 |
48. Fruiting pedicels 4–12 mm; rays (8–)12–30 per umbel; leaves strongly blue-green, ternate; leaf blade ultimate segment apices acute, sometimes obtuse or rounded; petiolules of proximal primary leaflets more than 1 cm. | L. donnellii |
48. Fruiting pedicels 1.5–5 mm; rays 2–8(–12) per umbel; leaves green or blue-green, pinnate, indistinctly ternate, or ternate; leaf blade ultimate segments rounded to acute; petiolules of proximal primary leaflets seldom over 1 cm. | L. hendersonii |
0. Leaf blade ultimate segments 0.1–10 mm; leaves, peduncles, and/or rays hairy. | → 1 |
1. Involucel bractlets present, short-hairy to ± tomentose or villous, rarely glabrous on abaxial surface but if so strongly ciliate, margins not or inconspicuously scarious. | → 2 |
2. Involucel bractlets 1.5–16(–18) mm, longer ones usually exceeding flowers; mericarps (7–)10–22(–28) mm; plants usually short-caulescent. | → 3 |
3. Petals usually tomentose, yellow-green, greenish, or purplish but appearing white due to hairs; leaf rachises noticeably channeled; mericarps orbiculate to ovate-oblong, length/width ratio 1.2–2, tomentose; California. | L. dasycarpum |
3. Petals nearly always glabrous, yellow, white, or purplish white; leaf rachises not channeled; mericarps narrowly oblong to broadly elliptic or lanceolate, length/width ratio 1.8–4, glabrous or sparsely to densely tomentose; w North America. | L. macrocarpum |
2. Involucel bractlets 1–5(–6) mm, shorter than to equaling flowers; mericarps 4–11(–12) mm; plants usually acaulous. | → 4 |
4. Plants densely hoary-hairy, longer hairs 0.3–0.5 mm, white; petals purple or almost black, sometimes yellow; deserts of nw Arizona, se California, s Nevada, also dry open woodland w to San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara counties, California. | L. mohavense |
4. Plants hairy, hirtellous, or glabrate, hairs 0.1–0.3(–0.4) mm, to 0.7 mm in Great Plains; petals yellow or white (sometimes white with purple tinge or pinkish); c, w North America. | → 5 |
5. Petals yellow, sometimes tinged with purple (or white above 2000 m in Inyo and Mono counties, California, and Elko County, Nevada); anthers yellow or white; involucel bractlet margins scarious or not; taproots often gray; British Columbia to Ontario, s to California, Arizona, and Texas. | L. foeniculaceum |
5. Petals white, sometimes purple-tinged or pinkish; anthers purple; involucel bractlets scarious or scarious-margined; taproots brown; n Great Basin, including ne California. | → 6 |
6. Leaf blade ultimate segments elliptic to ovate, not narrowed at base; leaves mostly 1-pinnate-1–2-pinnatifid, surfaces sparsely hairy, rarely scabrous or glabrous, leaflets ± lax; involucel bractlets glabrous, sometimes hairy only near base, rarely entirely hairy; generally well-developed loamy soils. | L. nevadense |
6. Leaf blade ultimate segments linear, linear-oblong, linear-elliptic, or elliptic to obovate, if not much longer than wide then narrowed at base; leaves mostly ternate-1–2-pinnate-1–2-pinnatifid, surfaces densely to sparsely hairy, leaflets tightly clustered; involucel bractlets densely to sparsely hairy; scablands and other rocky sites. | L. ravenii |
1. Involucel bractlets absent or, if present, glabrous, sometimes obscurely scabrous, margins scarious or not. | → 7 |
7. Plants 30–130(–220) cm, caulescent; leaf blade ultimate segments 400–8000 per leaf. | → 8 |
8. Petals brown, maroon-red, or purplish, occasionally ± tinged yellow or yellow-green; peduncles 20–80 cm, glabrous; rays (9–)15–35, glabrous; ovaries and mericarps glabrous; mericarps 7–15(–20) mm, wings (0.6–)0.8–1.2 mm wide; mainly w of Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada from British Columbia south to California, disjunct in n Idaho. | L. dissectum |
8. Petals yellow; peduncles 17–30 cm, densely to sparsely hirtellous; rays 5–14, densely hirtellous; ovaries and young fruits hirtellous, becoming glabrate; mericarps 15–20(–29) mm, wings 1.2–1.5(–2) mm wide; Washington (Chelan County). | L. thompsonii |
7. Plants 2–55 cm, acaulous or caulescent; leaf blade ultimate segments 5–700 per leaf. | → 9 |
9. Leaf blade ultimate segments fewer than 100 per leaf. | → 10 |
10. Plants 2–10 cm; caudices multicipital; elevation 2400–3000 m; ne Oregon. | L. oreganum |
10. Plants 3–80(–200) cm; caudices simple or few-branched; elevation 30–3300 m; w North America. | → 11 |
11. Leaf blade ultimate segments 1–5(–7) mm; Colorado, Utah, Wyoming. | L. juniperinum |
11. Leaf blade ultimate segments (1.5–)2–20(–30) mm; California, Idaho, Oregon, Washington. | → 12 |
12. Plants 3–17 cm; taproots usually with shallow, distinct, tuberlike swellings; e of Cascade Range in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, s to c Oregon. | L. gormanii |
12. Plants (5–)20–80(–200) cm; taproots lacking tuberlike swellings; e or w of Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada, Pacific Northwest and California. | → 13 |
13. Petals yellow, white, or purple; leaf blade ultimate segments 0.3–2.5 mm wide; involucel bractlets, if present, entire to divided, narrowly linear to broadly elliptic or obovate; ovaries and fruits glabrous; fruit wings often about same color as body, sometimes paler; w of Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada, in Oregon and California Key E, p. 356. | → 13 |
13. Petals yellow (sometimes white e of Cascade Range); leaf blade ultimate segments 0.2–6(–11) mm wide; involucel bractlets, if present, entire, linear to lanceolate; ovaries and fruits glabrous or ± hairy; fruit wings paler than body; e or w of Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada, mainly Pacific Northwest and n California Key I, p. 371. | → 9 |
9. Leaf blade ultimate segments, at least of basal leaves, 100+ per leaf. | → 14 |
14. Peduncles glabrous; substrate usually serpentine; n California, sw Oregon. | L. engelmannii |
14. Peduncles hairy at least proximally or distally; substrate usually not serpentine; w North America. | → 15 |
15. Petals yellow, sometimes purplish; anthers yellow, white, ochroleucous, or purplish. | → 16 |
16. Plants (15–)20–55 cm; mericarps narrowly elliptic to oblong, length/width ratio 1.5–4.8; Idaho, Oregon, Nevada, Utah, Washington Key I, p. 371. | → 16 |
16. Plants 5–35 cm; mericarps ovate to broadly elliptic or oblong, length/width ratio 1.5–2.4; n Rocky Mountains or Great Basin. | → 17 |
17. Mericarp wings 0.3–0.8 mm, 10–28% of body width; n Rocky Mountains. | L. sandbergii |
17. Mericarp wings 0.8–1.3 mm, 25–55% of body width; Great Basin. | → 18 |
18. Leaf blade ultimate segment apices obtuse or rounded, sometimes acute; petioles conspicuously or inconspicuously sheathing basally to entire length; e California (Plumas County), w Nevada. | L. austiniae |
18. Leaf blade ultimate segment apices acute or apiculate; petioles conspicuously sheathing entire length or nearly so; nw Colorado, ne Utah, sw Wyoming. | L. juniperinum |
15. Petals white or cream, sometimes pinkish or purplish; anthers purple, pinkish white, or purplish white. | → 19 |
19. Leaf blade ultimate segments 0.5–1.5 mm; taproots usually each with a globose or ovoid tuberlike swelling abruptly rounded at top; substrate white bentonite clay; Oregon (Malheur County). | L. bentonitum |
19. Leaf blade ultimate segments (0.5–)1–10 mm; taproots slender or ± thickened, or sometimes with indistinct, fusiform tuberlike thickenings tapering at top; substrate various; e of Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada to Rocky Mountains, including Oregon (Malheur County). | → 20 |
20. Leaves 1–2 ternate or quinate, then pinnately dissected; basal pair of primary leaflets not only evidently largest but also conspicuously petiolulate, petiolules in well-developed leaves mostly 1–3(–4) cm; nw Colorado, c, ne Utah, sw Wyoming. | L. juniperinum |
20. Leaves 1–3 pinnate, then pinnately dissected; basal pair of primary leaflets largest, but mostly sessile or short-petiolulate, petiolules seldom over 1 cm; Great Plains or Great Basin. | → 21 |
21. Involucel bractlets usually connate at least basally; mericarps glabrous or hairy; Great Basin. | L. nevadense |
21. Involucel bractlets absent or, if present, distinct; mericarps glabrous; Great Plains. | L. orientale |
0. Lomatium triternatum and similar species: plants moderately large; petals yellow (rarely white in eastern Idaho); leaf blades with relatively few, long ultimate segments. | → 1 |
1. Terminal leaf blade ultimate segments mostly (23–)25–130 mm. | → 2 |
2. Leaf blade ultimate segments broadly elliptic, lanceolate, or oblanceolate (especially in younger plants of L. anomalum), terminal segment length/width ratio (2.6–)4–10(–12.5). | → 3 |
3. Mericarps broadly oblong, length/width ratio (1.8–)1.9–2.8; w of Cascade Range in Oregon and Washington. | L. brevifolium |
3. Mericarps narrowly elliptic, fusiform, or oblong, length/width ratio (2.2–)2.3–4.2; e of Cascade Range in Idaho, w Montana, Oregon (Wallowa County), se Washington. | → 4 |
4. Flowers and buds yellow; plants (15–)20–60(–80) cm; peduncles 15–55 cm; leaf blade ultimate segments 35–90 per leaf; flowering Apr–May; fruiting May–Jul; elevation 200–2600 m; Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Washington. | L. anomalum |
4. Flowers yellow aging purplish, buds often salmon pink; plants 6–25(–30) cm; peduncles 2.5–12 cm; leaf blade ultimate segments 15–35(–50) per leaf; flowering Jun–Jul; fruiting mid Jul–early Aug; elevation 2000–3400 m; Idaho. | L. idahoense |
2. Leaf blade ultimate segments linear to oblong or more narrowly lanceolate, terminal segment length/width ratio 14–60(–88). | → 5 |
5. Mericarps broadly elliptic, length/width ratio (1.2–)1.4–2.1(–2.4). | → 6 |
6. Leaf blade ultimate segments 12–45 per leaf, usually lanceolate, terminal segment length/width ratio 8.5–30(–40); mainly e of the Cascade Range, w of 120° west in Oregon and Washington, also ne California, nw Nevada. | L. brevifolium |
6. Leaf blade ultimate segments 9–25 per leaf, linear, terminal segment length/width ratio (22–)45–60(–88); e of Cascade Range, Alberta, British Columbia, Arizona, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington. | L. simplex |
5. Mericarps narrowly elliptic to broadly oblong or fusiform, length/width ratio 2.2–4.2(–7.5). | → 7 |
7. Peduncles 2.5–12 cm; leaves, peduncles and rays glabrous or scabrous; rays 4–8 cm in fruit; plants 6–25(–30) cm; involucel bractlets usually absent, if present lanceolate to elliptic; elevation 2000–3400 m; Idaho. | L. idahoense |
7. Peduncles 10–55(–60) cm; leaves, peduncles and rays glabrous or hairy; rays 1.5–8(–10) cm in fruit; plants (15–)20–60(–80) cm; involucel bractlets linear, occasionally absent; elevation 90–2600 m; Pacific Northwest, n California, n Great Basin, including Idaho. | → 8 |
8. Mericarp length/width ratio 3–4.2(–7.5), or (1.8–)1.9–2.8 in w Oregon; w of 120° west in Washington (overlapping with next in Kittitas County), California, nw Nevada (Washoe County), Oregon. | L. brevifolium |
8. Mericarp length/width ratio (2.2–)2.5–3(–3.8); e of 120° west in Oregon (not in sw or Willamette Valley) and Washington (overlapping with previous in Kittitas County), e into Idaho, ne Nevada, Montana. | → 9 |
9. Peduncles and rays hirtellous; c Idaho, e Nevada, e Oregon (s of Crook County). | L. anomalum |
9. Peduncles and rays either glabrous or finely hirtellous; n Idaho, w Montana, ne Oregon (Wallowa County), e Washington. | L. triternatum |
1. Terminal leaf blade ultimate segments mostly 4–25(–39) mm. | → 10 |
10. Petals white, cream, ochroleucous, or ± purplish; leaf blade ultimate segments linear; plants 5–20(–30) cm; fruiting rays 1–3.5 cm; mericarps 10–18 mm. | L. cusickii |
10. Petals yellow (aging purplish in L. idahoense); leaf blade ultimate segments variously shaped; plants (15–)20–200(–210) cm; fruiting rays 0.7–11(–13) mm; mericarps 5–32 mm. | → [11 |
0. Shifted to the left margin.—Ed.]. | → 11 |
11. Mericarps 15–32 mm; plants (35–)50–200(–210) cm; Oregon, Washington. | → 12 |
12. Leaves, peduncles, and rays glabrous; leaf blade ultimate segments 10–50 mm; mericarps 20–32 mm; Oregon (Hood River, Wasco counties), Washington (w Klickitat County). | L. suksdorfii |
12. Leaves, peduncles, and/or rays hirtellous; leaf blade ultimate segments 4–16(–20) mm; mericarps 15–20(–29) mm; Washington (Chelan County). | L. thompsonii |
11. Mericarps 5–13.4(–18) mm; plants (15–)20–60(–80) cm; Pacific Northwest and n Great Basin, including Oregon, Washington. | → 13 |
13. Ovaries and young fruits densely hirtellous; mericarp abaxial ribs prominently raised, often narrowly winglike on young fruit, oil ducts (3–)4(–5) on commissure; substrates clay-rich, shrink-swell soils; Washington (Klickitat County). | L. tamanitchii |
13. Ovaries and young fruits glabrous or sparsely spreading-hirtellous (to densely puberulent in L. andrusianum in Idaho); mericarp abaxial ribs not or slightly to prominently raised (narrow in L. andrusianum, sometimes winglike in L. laevigatum), oil ducts 2 on commissure (4–6 in L. packardiae); substrates various; Pacific Northwest, n Great Basin, n California. | → 14 |
14. Involucel bractlets absent or present; taproots slender or with shallow, tuberlike swellings; mericarps 5–12 mm, length/width ratio 1.5–4.2; umbels 2–8.3 cm wide in fruit; Idaho and downstream on the Snake and Columbia rivers. | → 15 |
15. Peduncles and rays crisped-puberulent or glabrous or scabrous; involucel bractlets 2–5; taproots with shallow, tuberlike swellings; canyons of the Snake and Salmon rivers of Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. | L. rollinsii |
15. Peduncles and rays glabrous or scabrous; involucel bractlets 0(–few); taproots slender or with shallow, tuberlike swellings; Idaho or Columbia River Gorge of Oregon and Washington. | → 16 |
16. Petals yellow, aging purplish, buds often salmon pink; mericarps (7–)8.3–12 mm, length/width ratio 2.3–4.2; taproots with shallow, tuberlike swellings; Idaho. | L. idahoense |
16. Petals yellow, buds yellow; mericarps 5–9.1(–12) mm, length/width ratio 1.5–2.5; taproots slender; Columbia River Gorge of Oregon and Washington. | L. laevigatum |
14. Differing from the above in some way: involucel bractlets usually present; taproots slender; mericarps 8–13.4(–18) mm, length/width ratio (1.8–)2–4.2(–7.5); umbels 4–16 cm wide in fruit; w United States. | → 17 |
17. Leaves, peduncles, and rays glabrous; Idaho. | L. andrusianum |
17. Leaves, peduncles, and/or rays short hairy; Pacific Northwest, n Great Basin, n California. | → 18 |
18. Mericarp length/width ratio 3–4.2(–7.5), or (1.8–)1.9–2.8 in Willamette Valley of Oregon; w of 120° west, n California, Nevada (Washoe County), Oregon, Washington. | L. brevifolium |
18. Mericarp length/width ratio 1.7–3(–3.8); e of 120° west, Idaho, Montana, ne Nevada, Oregon (not in sw or Willamette Valley), Washington. | → 19 |
19. Leaf blades (6.5–)10–20(–22) cm; plants usually caulescent, sometimes acaulous; pseudoscapes usually absent. | → 20 |
20. Rays 3–12 per umbel; mericarp wings 1–2.2 mm wide, 50–80% as wide as body; Idaho (Boise Foothills). | L. andrusianum |
20. Rays 4–20(–45) per umbel; mericarp wings 0.5–0.8(–1) mm wide, (5–)10–40(–60)% as wide as body; Idaho (but not Boise Foothills), Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Washington. | L. anomalum |
19. Leaf blades 4–8 cm; plants acaulous; pseudoscapes present. | → 21 |
21. Leaf blade ultimate segments 0.5–5(–9.5) mm wide; umbels 4–15 cm wide in fruit; Idaho (not Owyhee County), ne Nevada, Oregon (not Malheur County), Washington. | L. anomalum |
21. Leaf blade ultimate segments 0.5–2 mm wide; umbels 4.6–8.5 cm wide in fruit; Idaho (Owyhee County), Oregon (Succor Creek, Malheur County). | L. packardiae |
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