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English ryegrass, ivraie vivace, perennial rye grass, Ray-grass anglais

bearded ryegrass, darnel, darnel rye-grass, poison darnel, tare

Habit Plants long-lived perennials. Plants annual.
Culms

to 100 cm.

to 120 cm.

Leaves

folded in the bud;

blades usually 10-30 cm long, (1)2-4(6) mm wide.

Blades

to 27 cm long, 1-12 mm wide.

Spikes

3-30 cm, with 5-37 spikelets;

rachises 0.5-2.5 mm thick at the nodes, often flexuous.

2-40 cm, with 3-26 spikelets;

rachises 0.5-3.5 mm thick at the nodes, spikelets not sunken in the rachises, not concealed by the glumes.

Spikelets

5-22 mm long, 1-7 mm wide, with (2)5-9(10) florets.

5-28 mm long, 1-8 mm wide, with 2-10 florets.

Glumes

3.5-15 mm, (1/3) 1/2 - 3/4 as long as to slightly exceeding the distal florets, membranous to indurate;

lemmas 3.5-9 mm long, 0.8-2 mm wide, unawned or awned, awns to about 8 mm, attached 0.2-0.7 mm below the apices;

paleas shorter than to slightly longer than the lemmas;

anthers 2-4.2 mm.

5-28 mm, membranous to indurate;

lemmas 3.5-8.5 mm long, 1.2-3 mm wide, unawned or awned, awns to 23 mm, attached 0.2-2 mm below the apices;

paleas 1.2 mm shorter than to 0.8 mm longer than the lemmas, often wrinkled;

anthers 1.5-4 mm.

Caryopses

3-5.5 mm long, 0.7-1.5 mm wide, 3 or more times longer than wide.

3.2-7 mm long, 1-3 mm wide, 2-3 times longer than wide, turgid.

2n

= 14.

= 14.

Lolium perenne

Lolium temulentum

Distribution
from FNA
AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; HI; PR; AB; BC; LB; MB; NB; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; YT; Greenland
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[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CT; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NJ; NM; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; VA; VT; WA; WV; WY; HI; AB; BC; LB; MB; NB; ON; QC; SK; YT
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Lolium perenne, a Eurasian species, is now established in disturbed areas throughout much of the Flora region. It is commercially important, being included in lawn seed mixtures as well as being used for forage and erosion prevention.

Lolium perenne intergrades and is interfertile with L. multiflorum; it also intergrades with L. rigidum. Typical L. perenne differs from L. multiflorum in being a shorter, longer-lived perennial with narrower leaves that are folded, rather than rolled, in the bud. Hybrids between the two species are called Lolium xhybridum Hausskn.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Lolium temulentum is said to be the tares of the Bible. Its two subspecies differ mainly in quantitative characters.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Lemmas 3.5-5.5 mm long, 1.2-1.8 mm wide; glumes 5-16 mm long; caryopses 3.2-4.5 mm long, 1.2-1.8 mm wide; rachises slender
subsp. remotum
1. Lemmas 4.5-8.5 mm long, 1.5-3 mm wide; glumes (5.5)7-28 mm long; caryopses (3.8)4-7 mm long, (1)1.5-3 mm wide; rachises rather stout
subsp. temulentum
Source FNA vol. 24, p. 455. FNA vol. 24, p. 456.
Parent taxa Poaceae > subfam. Pooideae > tribe Poeae > Lolium Poaceae > subfam. Pooideae > tribe Poeae > Lolium
Sibling taxa
L. multiflorum, L. persicum, L. rigidum, L. temulentum
L. multiflorum, L. perenne, L. persicum, L. rigidum
Subordinate taxa
L. temulentum subsp. remotum, L. temulentum subsp. temulentum
Synonyms L. var. perenne var. perenne, L. perenne var. cristatum L. temulentum var. macrochaeton, L. temulentum var. leptochaeton, L. temulentum var. arvense, L. multiflorum var. ramosum
Name authority L. L.
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