Lithophragma bolanderi |
Lithophragma |
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Bolander's woodland-star, hillstar |
fringecup, lithophragma, prairiestar, woodland-star |
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Habit | Plants usually robust. | Herbs, rhizomatous, not stoloniferous; caudex sometimes bearing bulbils. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Flowering stems | branched, (rarely bearing bulbils in place of flowers), 25–85 cm. |
erect, leafy, 8–85 cm, stipitate-glandular. |
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Leaves | in basal rosette and cauline, basal unlobed or 3–5-lobed, never deeply lobed, cauline (2–3+), alternate, often 3–4-lobed, much reduced, similar to basal, (rarely with axillary bulbils); stipules small, not decurrent on petiole, (margins fimbriate); petiole usually to 25 cm; blade green, orbiculate, surfaces hairy. |
in basal rosette and cauline; cauline leaves (1–)2(–10), usually alternate (opposite in L. cymbalaria), unlobed, lobed, or palmately compound, sometimes with bulbils in axils; stipules present; petiole stipitate-glandular; blade rhombic or orbiculate to reniform, lobed, base cordate, hastate, rounded, ligulate, or cuneate, ultimate margins entire or toothed, apex obtuse or acute, surfaces often stipitate-glandular; venation palmate. |
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Inflorescences | 1–3, erect, 3–5(–25)-flowered racemes, 2(–3)-branched, (10–85 cm). |
compact or lax racemes, arising from axillary buds in basal rosette, 2–12(–25)-flowered, sometimes flowers solitary, (flowers sometimes replaced by bulbils), bracteate. |
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Pedicels | equaling or shorter than hypanthium, (flowers long-pedicellate). |
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Flowers | persistent, fragrant, horizontal; hypanthium narrowly campanulate with obtuse base, usually not elongating in fruit, throat open, (length 2 times diam.); sepals erect in bud, widely spreading after anthesis, triangular; petals (completely exserted), widely spreading, white, ovate-elliptic, narrowly clawed, usually unlobed with serrations at base, sometimes 3–5-lobed, 4–7 mm, ultimate margins entire; ovary to 1/2 inferior; styles slightly exerted in fruit; stigma papillae apical. |
hypanthium partially adnate to proximal 1/2 to entire length of ovary, free from ovary 1–2 mm, green; sepals 5, green tinged with red; petals 5, white or pink; nectariferous tissue inconspicuous; stamens 10, (inserted on hypanthium, inner whorl attached proximal to point of petal insertion); filaments filiform; (anthers cordate); pistil 3-carpellate; ovary superior to 1/2 or almost completely inferior, 1-locular, carpels fully connate at ovaries; placentation parietal; styles 3; stigmas 3. |
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Capsules | 3-beaked. |
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Seeds | 0.3–5 mm, tuberculate (tubercles in 3–19 rows, spinelike). |
(50–200), usually dark brown, ovoid, smooth, wrinkled, or tuberculate. |
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x | = 7. |
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2n | = 14, 28, 35, 42. |
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Lithophragma bolanderi |
Lithophragma |
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Phenology | Flowering May–Jun. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Habitat | Well-drained, open, grassy areas of oak or coniferous-oak woodland | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elevation | 0-1500 m (0-4900 ft) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distribution |
CA
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w North America |
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Discussion | Lithophragma bolanderi is known from California along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada from Shasta County to the San Gabriel Mountains and the north-central inner coastal mountains around San Francisco Bay north to Mendocino County. Variable vegetative features, such as petal shape, size of seeds, and general growth habit, are the result of environmental factors and gene interchange among species. Lithophragma bolanderi is best distinguished from L. heterophyllum by the shape of the hypanthium base, position of styles and stigmas in fruit, length of seed tubercles, and general outline of the petals. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Tellima R. Brown [unranked] Lithophragma Nuttall, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 7: 26. 1834 (as Lithofragma); Pleurendotria Rafinesque, name rejected Species 10 (10 in the flora). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 8, p. 82. | FNA vol. 8, p. 77. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parent taxa | Saxifragaceae > Lithophragma | Saxifragaceae | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Synonyms | L. heterophyllum var. bolanderi, L. heterophyllum var. scabrellum, L. scabrellum, L. scabrellum var. peirsonii, Tellima heterophylla var. bolanderi, Tellima scabrella | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Name authority | A. Gray: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 6: 535. 1865 , | (Nuttall) Torrey & A. Gray: Fl. N. Amer. 1: 583. 1840, name conserved , | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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